Xu Collection, Lower Volume, Radical: Wind (fēng), Kangxi stroke count: 9, Page 1411. Archaic forms include symbols for wind currents and wind-related movements. Pronounced fēng. Wind is that which moves the myriad things. Zhuangzi (Zhuangzi), Chapter: Discussion on Making All Things Equal (Qiwulun): The breath emitted by the Great Earth is called wind. River Chart (Hetu): Wind is the messenger of heaven and earth. Yuanmingbao: The clashing of yin and yang qi creates wind. Erya (Erya), Chapter: Explanation of Heaven (Shitian): A southern wind is called kai feng, an eastern wind is called gu feng, a northern wind is called liang feng, and a western wind is called tai feng. Book of Rites (Liji), Chapter: Record of Music (Yueji): The winds of the eight directions follow the musical temperaments without confusion. Commentary: Refers to the winds of the eight cardinal directions. Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), Chapter: Treatise on the Musical Pitch (Lüshu): The northeast direction is the tiao wind, which arrives at the beginning of spring. The east is the mingshu wind, arriving at the spring equinox. The southeast is the qingming wind, arriving at the beginning of summer. The south is the jing wind, arriving at the summer solstice. The southwest is the liang wind, arriving at the beginning of autumn. The west is the changhe wind, arriving at the autumn equinox. The northwest is the buzhou wind, arriving at the beginning of winter. The north is the guangmo wind, arriving at the winter solstice. Rites of Zhou (Zhouli), Chapter: Spring Office (Chunguan), Official: Baozhangshi: Using the twelve kinds of winds to observe the harmony or discord of heaven and earth, and the omens of good or ill fortune. Commentary: In the twelve double-hours, the wind blows through the pitch pipes, by which one knows whether there is harmony or not. Also, per Jade Almanac (Yupian), the meaning of to scatter. Book of Changes (Yijing), Chapter: Great Commentary (Xici): Wind is used for dissemination. Also, to hurry like the wind. Zuo Tradition (Zuozhuan), 16th Year of Duke Cheng: When Xie Zhi encountered the soldiers of the Lord of Chu three times, whenever he saw the Lord of Chu, he would descend from his carriage, remove his helmet, and hurry with rapid steps to show respect. Also, per Jade Almanac (Yupian), the meaning of moral transformation. Book of Documents (Shangshu), Chapter: Biming: Commend good deeds and despise evil ones to establish good customs and reputation. Also, Book of Documents (Shangshu), Chapter: Shuoming: Within the four seas, all respect my virtue; this is your transformation. Commentary: This means the world respects my virtue, which is the merit of your teaching. Book of Odes (Shijing), Chapter: Preface to Guanju: This is the beginning of the Airs (Feng). Commentary: Feng refers to the political edicts and moral transformation enacted by feudal lords. Also refers to customs. Book of Rites (Liji), Chapter: Record of Music (Yueji): Transform the customs and traditions, and the world will be peaceful. Also refers to a type of illness. Zuo Tradition (Zuozhuan), 1st Year of Duke Zhao: Excessive wind-pathogen can lead to illnesses of the limbs. Commentary: Mo refers to the limbs. Wind can cause movements to be either slow or fast. Also, per Extensive Dictionary (Guangyun), the meaning of to wander off or to be unrestrained. Book of Documents (Shangshu), Chapter: Feishi: The horses and cattle will wander off. Commentary: The horses and cattle will wander off. Sub-commentary: The Zuo Tradition (Zuozhuan) from the 4th Year of Duke Xi says: Even if horses and cattle wander off, they will not reach the other side. Jia Kui says: Feng means to be unrestrained. When males and females entice each other, it is called feng. Thus, if horses and cattle wander off, it is because they are chasing one another, eventually leading to them wandering far away. Also, Fangfeng is the name of a state, present-day Wukang County, Huzhou. Also a place name. Ningfeng is a place name in the State of Qi, appearing in the Zuo Tradition (Zuozhuan). Youfufeng appears in the Book of Han (Hanshu). Also an official title. Book of Han (Hanshu), Chapter: Treatise on Geography (Dilizhi): In the first year of the Taichu era of Emperor Wu of Han, the title of Chief Commandant of the Metropolitan Division was changed to Youfufeng. Also a type of bird. Book of Odes (Shijing), Chapter: Odes of Qin (Qinfeng): That swiftly flying morning wind bird. Erya (Erya), Chapter: Explanation of Birds (Shiniao): The chen feng is the zhan (a type of raptor). Sub-commentary: Chen feng, also known as zhan, is a bird of prey. Guo Pu says: It belongs to the falcon family. Also, Book of Jin (Jinshu), Chapter: Treatise on Carriages and Attire (Yufuzhi): The wind-measuring instrument (xiangfengyi) is placed in the center of the road. Zhengzitong: Under the system of the Jin Dynasty, when the Emperor traveled, the wind-measuring instrument was carried in front. A bird was carved onto a pole, named the xiangfeng. Also, Shuzhengji: To the south of Chang'an there is a terrace, ten ren high, on which stands a bronze bird that measures the wind; it turns when the wind blows. Also a type of herb. Records of the Western Capital (Xijing Zaji): Huaifeng is another name for alfalfa. It is also called guangfeng. Also a surname. Feng Hou was a minister to the Yellow Emperor. There is also Feng Hu, appearing in the Book of Yue (Yuejueshu). Also, Classic of Mountains and Seas (Shenyijing): In the west, there is a monster with disheveled hair running eastward; one is called Kuang, one is called Dian, one is called Juan, and one is called Feng. Also, per Extensive Dictionary (Guangyun), pronounced fěng. Book of Odes (Shijing), Chapter: Preface to Guanju: Poetry has six principles. The first is called feng; those in high positions use feng to transform the people below, and the people below use feng to remonstrate with those above. It emphasizes literary grace and indirect persuasion; the speaker is not guilty, and the listener is sufficiently warned; hence it is called feng. Commentary: Moral transformation and satirical remonstrance are both metaphors, not stated directly. Interpretation of Text (Shiewen): The feng in the phrase "the lower use it to feng" is pronounced fěng. Commentary: The feng in satire is pronounced the same way. Also, rhymes with fāng. Chu Ci (Chu Ci), Chapter: Lament for Oaths (Xishi): Crossing the Dan River to gallop, to the right is the remnant wind of Great Xia. When the yellow swan takes flight, one knows the winding of the mountains and rivers; when it flies higher, one sees the squareness and roundness of heaven and earth. Also, rhymes with fān. Poem by Wang Can: The scorching winter sun, the chilling, biting wind. The hidden fish are in the deep abyss, the returning wild geese fly high. Also, rhymes with the sound of lü-cheng. Fu Yan's Treatise on Manifesting Ambition (Xianzhifu) in the Book of Later Han (Hou Hanshu): Spreading the brilliance of virtue, correcting the distorted wind of the decaying age. Praising Duke Xiang of Song at Honggu, and honoring Jizha at Yanling. Also, rhymes with fēn. Book of Odes (Shijing), Chapter: Odes of Bei (Beifeng): Fine hemp cloth and coarse hemp cloth, worn on the body as cool as the wind. I think of the ancients, it truly suits my heart. Also, Book of Odes (Shijing), Chapter: Greater Odes (Daya): Jifu composed the songs of praise, as harmonious as a clear breeze. Zhong Shanfu long remembered this to comfort his heart. Chu Ci (Chu Ci), Chapter: Nine Declarations (Jiuzhang): Ascending Ezhui to look back, sighing at the remaining wind of autumn and winter. Let my horse stroll on the ridge, and park my carriage in Fanglin. Explanation of Names (Shiming): In the regions of Yanzhou, Yuzhou, Bingzhou, and Jizhou, the mouth is held flat with lips closed to produce the sound, resembling the pronunciation of fēn. In the regions of Qingzhou and Xuzhou, the lips are rounded and opened to push the breath, resembling the pronunciation of fāng. Feng means to release, as the breath is dispersed. Chen Di, Examination of Ancient Sounds in the Mao Odes (Maoshi Guyin Kao): Feng in ancient times rhymed with xin, lin, and yin, and was pronounced fēn. Some say that west of the Taihang Mountains, in the regions of Fen and Jin, feng is still pronounced like fēn, preserving the ancient sound. General Rhymes (Zhengyun): Feng is categorized in the Dong rhyme group; it is missing from the 12th Qin rhyme group, likely because it was not understood that feng had an ancient pronunciation of fēn. Analytical Dictionary of Characters (Shuowen): When the wind blows, insects are generated, so insects form in eight days. The character is derived from insect, with the symbol fán indicating the sound. Zhao Guze says: Whenever objects are exposed to the wind, insects appear, therefore the character for wind is derived from insect, with the symbol fán indicating the sound. Textual Criticism: Erya: The western wind is called qin feng. I note that the original text should be corrected from qin feng to tai feng. Book of Documents (Shangshu), Chapter: Feishi: The horses and cattle will wind (wander). Sub-commentary: Jia Kui says: Feng means to be unrestrained. When males and females entice each other, it is called feng. Therefore, horses and cattle becoming unrestrained is called ma niu feng yi. I note that the original text should be corrected from horses and cattle wandering off to horses and cattle becoming unrestrained (feng yi). Chen Di, Examination of Ancient Sounds in the Mao Odes (Maoshi Guyin Kao): Feng in ancient times rhymed with xin, lin, and yin, and was pronounced fēn. General Rhymes (Zhengyun): Feng is included in the Dong rhyme group and missing from the 12th Qin rhyme group, likely because it was not understood that feng had an ancient pronunciation of fēn. I note that the original text should be corrected from 20th Qin to 12th Qin.