Hai Collection, Lower Volume Radical: Dragon (lóng) Page 1536, Entry 01 Ancient forms include the characters for dragon (long) and dragon (long). Pronounced long. According to the Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters (Shuowen), the dragon is the leader of all scaly animals. It can hide in the darkness or manifest in the light; it can become minuscule or massive, short or long. At the spring equinox, it ascends into the sky; at the autumn equinox, it hides in the abyss. According to the Guangya, those with scales are called Jiaolong, those with wings are called Yinglong, those with horns are called Qiulong, those without horns are called Chilong, and those that do not ascend to heaven are called Panlong. According to the Commentary to the Materia Medica (Bencao Zhu), because the dragon has poor hearing, it is called Long (the sound of the character itself suggests the meaning of deaf or dull in this context). Book of Changes (Yijing), Qian hexagram: Symbolizing the timely riding of six dragons to patrol the heavens. Also the name of a star formation. Zuo Commentary (Zuo Zhuan), fifth year of Duke Xi: The Longwei (Dragon Tail) star became hidden and was not visible. Commentary: The stars Jiao, Kang, Di, Fang, Xin, Wei, and Ji together form the seven mansions of the Azure Dragon. Also, in the twenty-eighth year of Duke Xiang: The Long (Dragon) star is the star associated with the states of Song and Zheng. Also the name of a mountain. Longmen Mountain, located in Hedong, as noted in the Tribute of Yu (Yugong). Long Mountain is mentioned in the Classic of Mountains and Seas (Shanhaijing). Fenglong Mountain is mentioned in the Records of General Geography (Kuodizhi). Also a place name. Zuo Commentary, second year of Duke Cheng: The Marquis of Qi attacked our northern border and captured Longyi in three days. Commentary: Long was a city in the state of Lu, located southwest of Bo County in Taishan Commandery. Also, Records of the Former Han: Geography (Qian Han Dili Zhi): Dunhuang Commandery contains Longle County. Also an official title. Zuo Commentary, seventeenth year of Duke Zhao: The Taihao clan used dragons to record events, thus establishing the office of Dragon Master and using the dragon to name official posts. Also the name Goulong. Zuo Commentary, twenty-ninth year of Duke Zhao: A son of the Gonggong clan was named Goulong. Also a name for a horse. The Rites of Zhou (Zhouli), Office of the Groom (Souren): A horse that is eight feet in height is called a Long (dragon). Book of Rites (Liji), Monthly Ordinances (Yueling): Driving a blue-black dragon horse. Also Longfu, a type of jade artifact. Zuo Commentary, twenty-ninth year of Duke Zhao: Duke Zhao of Lu presented Gong Yan with a lambskin fur coat, and ordered him to present the Longfu jade to the Marquis of Qi. Also the name of a plant. Book of Odes (Shijing), Zheng Airs: In low, damp places grows the Youlong grass. Lu Ji, Commentary on Grasses and Trees (Caomu Shu): Also known as Maliao, it grows in marshes; people today call it Xiaohong (small knotweed). Also the name of a deity. Classic of Mountains and Seas (Shanhaijing): There is a deity named Zhulong (Torch Dragon). Qu Yuan, Encountering Sorrow (Lisao): Where does the sun not shine? Why must the Torch Dragon illuminate it? Also a surname. In the Han dynasty, there was Long Qie. Also a double-surname. Guan Longfeng of the Xia dynasty was a descendant of the Huanlong clan. In the Han dynasty, the censor Rao Longqun was a descendant of Liu Lei. Also a person's name. Shelong was a minister to the Yellow Emperor. Guanzi, Five Elements Chapter: Shelong was able to distinguish matters of the east, so he was appointed as the Earth Master. Also the name of a minister to Emperor Shun. Book of Documents (Shujing), Canon of Shun (Shundian): Emperor Shun said, "Dragon, I appoint you to the office of Nayan (Recipient of Imperial Decrees) to transmit my orders morning and evening and to relay the opinions of those below." Also, according to the Guangya, Long means a sovereign. Also, according to the Guangyun, it means to be thorough or connected. Also, according to the Yupian, it means to respect or honor. Book of Odes (Shijing), Shang Hymns: Accepting the favors of heaven, we respectfully receive them. Mao Commentary: Interpret this according to the original pronunciation of the character. Zhu Xi Commentary: It means grace or favor. Also, according to the Yupian, it means to be harmonious and signifies sprouting. Also, according to the Zheng Yun, it is interchangeable with the character for favor (chong). Book of Odes (Shijing), Shang Hymns: Explanation of the phrase "He Tian Zhi Long": Zheng Xuan reads it as "favor," meaning a glorious reputation. According to the annotation of Zhu Xi, it is treated as a rhyme-dependent pronunciation. Also, according to the Zheng Yun, the pronunciation is long. Mencius: Someone wanted to monopolize (longduan) the benefits. Also, according to the Jiyun and Yunhui, pronounced pang. According to the Jiyun, it refers to a mixed black and white color. Rites of Zhou (Zhouli), Winter Office, Artificers Record (Kaogongji): When the jade carver creates objects for the high dukes, he uses "long" jade. Commentary: This refers to variegated jade, not pure-colored jade. Also, with a different final tone, pronounced pang. Book of Changes (Yijing), Kun hexagram: This is why it is called long. It rhymes with the character yang in the preceding phrase, "Suspecting the absence of yang." Yang Xiong, Refutation of Ridicule (Jiechao): Holding an owl but mocking the phoenix, catching a gecko but ridiculing the divine turtle and the flying dragon. Shuowen: The character shape depicts a form that has flesh and can fly, using the character for child (tong) as a phonetic component. Xu Xuan says: The shape represents a winding, flying movement. Textual correction: The Erya, Explanation of Livestock: A horse eight feet tall is called a long. Note: The original Erya text uses the character for a horse eight feet tall (long), not the dragon character (long). It has been changed to cite the Rites of Zhou, Office of the Groom, which states that a horse eight feet or taller is called a long.