Wu Collection, Middle Volume. Radical: Sickness (bìng). Character: shan. Kangxi strokes: 8. Page 769, Entry 20. Pronounced shan. According to the Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters (Shuowen): Abdominal pain. According to the Expanded Rhymes (Guangyun): Disease. According to the Explaining Names (Shiming): Shan means to be congested. It describes the flow of internal energy that is congested, rising upward and causing pain. According to the Basic Questions (Suwen): The Yellow Emperor asked, If a rash manifests the heart pulse and is rapid, what is the disease? Qibo replied, This disease is called heart shan, and there should be a palpable mass in the lower abdomen. According to the Medical Treatises (Fangshu): When the three yang meridians are rapid, it is called jia; when the three yin meridians are rapid, it is called shan. For men, there are seven types of shan, which are cold, water, tendon, blood, energy, fox, and [another specific type]. According to the Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), Biography of Bian Que and Cang Gong: Male shan is located in the diaphragm, connecting upward and downward to the lungs; the disease is acquired internally. Also: The minister felt the pulse and said, It is rising shan. It prevents a person from urinating or defecating. According to the History of the Later Han (Houhanshu), Treatise on Calendars: During the White Dew solar term, the shadow of the gnomon is six feet two inches and eight parts long. If it arrives before it is due, there will be many cases of water-related abdominal distension, constipation, and shan-jia masses. Also, according to the Expanded Rhymes (Guangyun): Pronounced shan. According to the Collected Rhymes (Jiyun): Pronounced shan. The meaning is the same.