Chou Collection, Middle Volume. Radical: Earth (tǔ). Kangxi strokes: 11. Page 231, Entry 02. Pronounced zhi. Definition: To maintain or hold. Book of Documents (Shangshu): Sincerely maintain the middle way. Also refers to handling or treating. Book of Rites (Liji): Master Yi said: Please allow me to speak of what I have heard, and you may consider how to treat it yourself. Also refers to blocking or sealing. Zuo Tradition (Zuo Zhuan): Zi Yu sent Bo Fen to request battle, saying: I dare not claim certain success, but merely hope to use this to block the mouths of the petty men who speak ill. Also refers to a father's friend, known as a hold-friend (zhiyou). Book of Rites (Liji): When seeing a father's friend, one dare not speak unless addressed. History of the Later Han (Hou Hanshu): Ma Yuan was a friend of Liang Song's father. After Liang Song became prominent, he knelt before Ma Yuan's bed, but Ma Yuan did not return the gesture. Also refers to capturing or arresting. Book of Rites (Liji): Executed in the market or at court for display, his wives and concubines were also arrested. Mencius: Simply arrest him, that is all. Also a surname. There is also the three-character surname Zhishidai. Also used interchangeably with the character zhe. History of the Former Han (Hanshu): The local powers were intimidated and submissive. Note: This means to submit due to fear of power. Originally written as the character zhi, simplified to zhi. Also written as the character zhi. Textual research: Book of Documents (Shangshu): Sincerely maintain the middle way. The character qi has been corrected to jue according to the original text.