Si Collection, Lower Volume Radical: Cow (niú) Mǒu; Kangxi strokes: 6; Page 697, Entry 06 Archaic script. Pronounced mǒu. Shuowen Jiezi (Dictionary of Explanations of Characters): The sound of a cow. Composed of the character for cow; represents the sound and breath coming out from the mouth. Liu Zongyuan, Book of the Cow (Niu Fu): Bellowing with a mǒu sound, like a yellow bell filling the throat. Also, according to Yupian (Jade Chapter), it means to take, to seize, or to surpass. Strategies of the Warring States (Zhanguo Ce): To offend the ruler's heart above, and to seize from the common people below. Commentary: Mǒu means to take. Han Feizi, Seven Reversals (Qi Fan Pian): People who seize food. Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), Treatise on the Balanced Standard (Pingzhun Shu): Wealthy merchants and large traders have nothing from which to seize great profit. History of the Former Han (Qianhan Shu), Annals of Emperor Jing: Invading and seizing from the myriad people. Commentary: Li Qi states: Mǒu refers to insects that eat the roots of seedlings; invading and eating the people like pests. Also, according to Yupian, it means to double. Songs of Chu (Chuci), Summoning the Soul (Zhao Hun): Become a great owl and double it, calling out the five whites. Commentary: Doubling or surpassing is called mǒu. Also, according to Yupian, it means great. Huainanzi, Essentials of the Summary (Yao Lue Pian): One who understands the Way encompasses the universe, chaotic in its myriad manifestations. Also, according to Yang Xiong's Dialects (Fangyan): To love. In the regions of Song and Lu, it is called mǒu. Also, History of the Later Han (Houhan Shu), Treatise on Rituals: In mid-summer, use red ropes to connect pungent herbs to ward off and dispel gu-insects. Correct Character Synthesis (Zhengzitong): Hao Jing says: Ward off and stop, signifying the meaning of smearing or erasing. Also, according to Yupian, it means to advance. Also, History of the Former Han, Biography of Huo Guang: The imperial carriage at the Mound Head (mǒu shǒu). Commentary: Meng Kang says: Mǒu shǒu is a place name. Ru Chun says: Mǒu shǒu refers to a screen surface, used for self-isolation. Zan says: Mǒu shǒu is the name of a pond. Shigu says: Zan's explanation is correct. Zuo Si, Rhapsody on the Capital of Wu (Wu Du Fu): Long roads and mǒu shǒu. Commentary: Liu Kui says: Mǒu shǒu refers to the rooms and houses on a pavilion corridor. Also, a state name. Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu), 15th Year of Duke Huan: The people of Zhu, the people of Mǒu, and the people of Ge came to pay court. History of the Former Han, Treatise on Geography: Mǒu in Mount Tai Commandery. Commentary: An ancient state. Discourses of the States (Jinyu): King Cheng formed an alliance with the feudal lords at Qiyang; Chu was considered a barbarian, so they placed sedge grass, set up observation posts, and kept watch fires with the Xianmǒu, and thus were not included in the alliance. Commentary: Xianmǒu, a state of the Eastern Yi tribes. Also, a place name. Spring and Autumn Annals, 4th Year of Duke Yin: The people of Ju attacked Qi and took Mǒu-lou. Also, Zuo Tradition (Zuo Zhuan), 9th Year of Duke Xuan: Took Genmǒu. Also, Analects (Lunyu): Fo Xi rebelled using Zhongmǒu. History of the Former Han, Treatise on Geography: Zhongmǒu in Henan Commandery. Also: Dōngmǒu in Donglai Commandery. Also, Interpretations of Names (Shiming): Mǒu-zhui. Mǒu means to cover; it describes a shape that covers, like hair standing up. Also, a surname. Comprehensive Customs (Fengsu Tong): State of Mǒu, descendants of Zhurong, later adopted it as a clan name. Records of the Grand Historian, Genealogy of Tian Jingzhong Wan: Grand Master Mǒu Xin. History of the Later Han, Biography of Mǒu Rong: Mǒu Rong, a man from Anqiu, Beihai. Also, according to Guangyun (Broad Rhymes), a compound surname. Three clans; the Book of Rites (Liji) mentions Binmǒu Jia. Biographies of Worthies of the Eastern Capital (Donglai Xianxian Zhuan): Mentions Cao Mǒu Junqing. He Clan's Garden of Surnames (He Shi Xingyuan): Mentions the Mǒumǔ clan. Also, wheat. Book of Odes (Shijing), Eulogies of Zhou (Zhou Song): Bestowed upon us wheat (mǒu). Commentary: Mǒu is wheat. Explanations of Characters (Shuowen): In dictionaries, written as mǒu (wheat radical), or as mǒu (another wheat variant). Also, a vessel. Book of Rites, Inner Treatises (Neize): Dùnmǒu, goblet, and ewer. Commentary: Mǒu is read as mú. Dùnmǒu is a vessel for millet. Explanations of Characters: People of Qi call an earthenware pot a mǒu. History of the Later Han, Treatise on Rituals: Eight goblets, eight mǒu vessels. Also, History of the Later Han, Biography of Mi Heng: Wearing a cen-mǒu cap and single-layered robes. Commentary: Common Histories and Treatises state: Cen-mǒu is the helmet of a drummer or horn player. Rhyme Collection (Yunhui): The character for helmet (móu) is interchangeable with mǒu. Also, interchangeable with pupil. Xunzi, Against Physiognomy (Fei Xiang Pian): Yao and Shun had participating pupils (mǒu). Commentary: Mǒu is the same as pupil. Participating pupils means having two pupils that appear to coincide. Also, pronounced mǔ (rising tone). Zhongmǒu, a place name. Note: Place names for Zhongmǒu are mostly read in the level tone. The Rhyme Collection also includes a rising tone, though the source is unknown. Also, pronounced mào. Originally written as the character for duty/effort. Means dim or confused. Also, interchangeable with effort. Xunzi, On the Shaping of the State (Cheng Xiang Pian): Emperor Tang, whose discussions and selections were appropriate. Personally deferred to Bian Sui and selected Mùguāng. Commentary: Mǒu is the same as effort.