Si Collection, Lower Volume Radical: Dog (quǎn) Page 708, Entry 25 Pronounced xiá. General Dictionary of Tang Pronunciations (Tangyun) and Broad Glossary of Rhymes (Guangyun) state the pronunciation is derived from a combination resulting in xia. Collective Glossary of Rhymes (Jiyun), Categorized Texts (Leipian), and Meeting of Rhymes (Yunhui) also provide this pronunciation. Broad Glossary of Rhymes: To be accustomed to. Explanation of Characters (Shuowen): A dog that can be trained. Composed of the radical for dog and the phonetic element jia. Approaching Elegance (Erya), Explanation of Ancient Words: Xia means to be accustomed to. Explanation of Words: Jia means xia. Commentary: This refers to being familiar and intimate. Book of Rites (Liji), Songs of Refinement: For the virtuous, be intimate yet respectful. Commentary: Xia means to be close, to be accustomed to. It means to be attached and close to them, and to be accustomed to their conduct. Discourses of Zhou (Zhouyu): Not yet accustomed to the ruler’s governance. Jade Chapter (Yupian): To treat lightly. Book of Documents (Shujing), The Great Oath: To treat the five constant virtues with disrespect. Commentary: To treat the teachings of the five constant virtues with levity and familiarity. Sub-commentary: Xia is a term for being habitually negligent, to see something so often that one neglects it. Zuo Tradition (Zuozhuan), Twentieth Year of Duke Zhao: Water is weak and yielding; the people become accustomed to it and play with it. Commentary: Xia means to treat with levity. Guliang Tradition (Guliang Zhuan), Seventeenth Year of Duke Zhuang: The Qi people annihilated them; this is what is meant by treating the enemy with familiarity. Twenty-first Year of Duke Zhao: Not familiar with the borderlands. Also means to alternate. Zuo Tradition (Zuozhuan), Twenty-seventh Year of Duke Xiang: Furthermore, the alternation of the Jin and Chu states in leading the alliances of the feudal lords has continued for a long time. Sub-commentary: To alternate in leading the alliances of the feudal lords. Classic of Divine Marvels (Shenyijing): Amidst the eight wildernesses, there are hairy people named the Bearded Lords. Folk call them Bearded Beauty. Another name is Bearded Xia. Children called Bearded Xia are fearful. Jade Chapter (Yupian): Also written as the variant form xia. Textual Research: In the Explanation of Characters, the original text reads "large can be trained." It has been corrected based on the original source to "dog can be trained."