You Collection, Upper Volume Radical: Speech (yán) Kangxi Strokes: 13 Page 1160, Entry 02 Pronounced zhu. Shuowen Jiezi (Shuowen): To punish. Guangya: To kill. Book of Documents (Shangshu): To exercise the punishments of the former kings. Book of Rites (Liji): Question and punish the violent and the negligent. Commentary: To punish means to execute that person. History of the Former Han Dynasty (Qian Hanshu): Punishing the violent and suppressing the perverse is the power of governance. Zhuangzi: If one does evil in the open, men will catch and punish them; if one does evil in the darkness, spirits will catch and punish them. Also, Shiming: When a crime affects others, it is called zhu. Zhu is like a tree stump (zhu), as when the trunk of a tree is cut, the branches and leaves all fall. Rites of Zhou (Zhouli): During military campaigns, manage fire prohibitions; if there is a collective punishment (wu zhu), then prepare an illuminated pit. Commentary: Zheng Sinong says: Collective punishment refers to the execution of the three clans. Book of Changes (Yijing): Mingyi is punishment. Commentary: Punishment means injury. Discourses of the States (Guoyu): When a small state is arrogant, a large state attacks it; this is called punishment. Yupian: To penalize. Book of Rites (Liji): Kicking the fodder of a royal carriage with one's foot incurs a penalty; damaging the teeth of a royal carriage horse incurs a penalty. Commentary: Punishment means a penalty. Leipian: To demand or censure. Zuo Commentary (Zuozhuan): Demanding without cease. Commentary: Punishment means to censure. Rites of Zhou (Zhouli): Use punishments to manage their transgressions. Commentary: If a person has a fault and did not do it intentionally, then use language to censure and reprove them. Also: To prune or remove. Discourses of the States (Guoyu): Therefore, use kindness to eliminate resentment. Commentary: Punishment means to remove. Songs of Chu (Chuci): Would it not be better to clear (zhu) the grass and weeds and farm with one's strength? Du Fu: Beside these mists and clouds, the thatch can be cleared (zhu). Zhengzitong: Clearing thatch for a house; here the character zhu is borrowed. Also pronounced zhou. Hua He: I dare not disobey the imperial edict, fearing to hasten the crime and punishment; I venture to accept the imperial command, my soul departs while my form remains. Also pronounced zhu (departing tone). Cai Yong: Below, one suffers the guilt of being burned or exiled; above, one receives the punishment of family extermination; the preceding carriage has already overturned, yet one follows the same track and rushes forward. Textual Research: In the Rites of Zhou, Autumn Officials, Office of the Fire Manager, commentary, Zheng Sinong states: Collective punishment refers to the execution of the three clans. Following the original text, changed to read as refers to.