Xu Collection, Upper Volume Radical: Door (mén) Men; Kangxi strokes: 8; Page 1329 Pronounced men. Shuowen Jiezi says: to hear. Formed from two doors, it is a pictograph. Yupian says: the place where people enter and exit. Boya says: door, to guard. Shiming says: to touch. It is said that things outside are touched by the hands. Book of Changes (Yijing), Tongren hexagram: Making common cause at the door. Commentary says: When the heart is free from selfishness and stinginess, it is connected to the Great Harmony; everything seen upon exiting is the same, hence it is said to make common cause at the door. Book of Documents (Shujing), Canon of Yao: Guest at the four gates. Commentary says: Four gates, the gates of the four directions. Book of Rites (Liji), Monthly Ordinances: In the month of mid-autumn, offer sacrifices to the door. Rites of Zhou (Zhouli), Offices of Heaven, Officer in Charge of Lodgings: Set up a tented palace and establish a flag-gate. Commentary says: When the king stops for food and rest while traveling, he sets up tents as a palace and raises banners to represent a door. Also: Set up a carriage-palace with a shaft-gate. Commentary says: When the king stays in dangerous terrain, he uses battle chariots as a barrier and tilts them up, using their shafts to represent a door. Today, military headquarters are also called shaft-gates or tooth-gates. Songs of Chu (Chuci), Nine Arguments: The ruler's door has nine layers. Commentary says: The Son of Heaven has nine gates: the barrier gate, the outer suburban gate, the inner suburban gate, the city gate, the gao gate, the zhi gate, the ying gate, the road gate, and the bedroom gate; they are also called warehouse gates. There is also the qiao gate, which is a high tower built on the city wall for observation. History of the Former Han (Qian Hanshu), Biography of Chen Sheng: Only the commandery assistant fought with him in the qiao gate. There is also the qiao gate, the gate of the national school. History of the Later Han (Hou Hanshu), Biographies of Scholars: Those who surrounded the qiao gate to watch and listen numbered in the hundreds of millions. There is also the teacher's gate. History of the Later Han, Biography of Huan Rong: Above, one can understand the essence of the classics; below, one can leave home to admire local learning and seek instruction at the teacher's gate. Also, Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government (Tongjian): During the Tang Dynasty, Di Renjie once recommended dozens of people including Yao Yuanchong. Someone said to him: The peaches and plums of the world are all under your gate. Also, Zhengzitong: A prestigious family is called a gate-reputation. Han Xianzhong's memorial says: Gate-reputation is the legacy of merit left by ancestors. Also, the critical point of any matter is called a gate. Book of Changes, Appended Statements: The gateway of moral principles. Commentary says: When things are properly arranged, it comes from here, so it is said to be the gateway of moral principles, meaning it is the portal through which moral principles enter and exit. Also, Laozi, Tao Te Ching: The gateway to many mysteries. Also, Qimen, a type of warrior. History of the Later Han, Biography of Qiao Xuan: The Emperor began to establish the Qimen, and often traveled in plain clothes. Commentary says: The History of the Former Han records that Emperor Wu of Han traveled in plain clothes, often meeting with attendants, regular attendants, military cavalry, as well as waiting scholars and skilled archers among the good families of Beidi, at the palace gate; thus the title Qimen originated from this time. Emperor Cheng of Han traveled in plain clothes similarly, so it is said to have begun then. Ban Gu, Western Capital Rhapsody: Qimen and Cifei warriors displayed their weapons and gathered their bows. There are also official titles. Rites of Zhou, Offices of Earth: The Gate Official, the sacrificial oxen are tied here, fed by the gate warden. History of the Later Han, Treatise on Hundred Officials: The Yellow Gate Attendant receives a salary of six hundred shi and is in charge of attendants serving by the Emperor's side. Also, the Gate Grandee receives a salary of six hundred shi. Commentary says: The Han official records state: There are two Gate Grandees, selected from the subordinates of the four offices. Also, Rites of Zhou, Offices of Spring, Junior Director of Ancestors: Those who are eldest sons are all called Gate Sons. Commentary says: They are the ones who will replace their fathers to head the family in the future. Zuo Tradition (Zuozhuan), Year 11 of Duke Xiang: The grandees and the eldest sons of various departments should not be submissive. There are also place names. Zuo Tradition, Year 27 of Duke Xiang: Sojourning in Mumen. Commentary says: Mumen is a place in the State of Jin. Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), Chronicle of Xiang Yu: An army of four hundred thousand at Hongmen in Xinfeng. Meng Kang's commentary says: Seventeen li east of Xinfeng. Also, Annals of Qin: Defeated the armies of the Three Jin at Shimen. One Unified Gazetteer: Located southeast of Xiezhou, Pingyang Prefecture, at Baijing Ridge, crossing the Zhongtiao Mountains, it is a road to Shanzhou. The mountain ridges are high and pierce the sky; the sides are as steep as walls, and the middle is too narrow for carriage tracks, hence called Shimen. There is also Yanmen, a commandery name. See Geography Treatise of the Former Han. There are also mountain names. Book of Documents, Tribute of Yu: Floating from Jishi Mountain, arrive at Longmen. Commentary says: Longmen Mountain is on the western border of the east side of the Yellow River. History of the Later Han, Biographies of Recluses: Pang Gong, with his wife and children, ascended Lumun Mountain. Also, Zhengzitong: The mountain at the northern pole is called Hanmen. Note on Hanmen in the Chronicle of Emperor Guangwu of Han: Shigu says: The present Yegu is eighty li from Ganquan, and even in midsummer, it is very cold. There are also star names. Records of the Grand Historian, Treatise on Celestial Offices: The two large stars in the north and south are called the South Gate. Commentary says: The two stars of the South Gate are outside the door south of the Warehouse Pavilion; when they are bright, the Shi and Qiang peoples come to offer tribute. Treatise on Astronomy: The four stars south of the Taiwei star are the Enforcers; in the middle is the Duan Gate, and to the left and right are the Ye Gates. There are also surnames. The sons of high officials, educated in the Six Arts, are called Gate Sons. Later, this was used as a surname; in the Northern Wei Dynasty, there was Men Wen'ai. There are also Dongmen (East Gate), Ximen (West Gate), Yongmen, and Mumen, all compound surnames. Zuo Tradition, Note on Year 18 of Duke Xuan: Xiangzhong lived at Dongmen, so he was called the Dongmen clan. There are also music names. Rites of Zhou, Offices of Spring, Grand Director of Music: Use music and dance to teach the sons of the state, dancing Cloud Gate, Great Roll, Great Salt, Great Shao, Great Xia, Great Huo, and Great Martial. Commentary says: These are the six generations of music and dance preserved by the Zhou Dynasty. The one from the time of the Yellow Emperor is called Cloud Gate. There are also personal names. Records of the Grand Historian, Chronicle of Qin Shi Huang: Sent Lu Sheng to find Xianmen and Gao Shi. Commentary says: Xianmen is an ancient immortal. Treatise on Arts and Literature of the Former Han: The Archery Method of Fengmen in two chapters. Commentary says: This is Feng Meng. Xunzi, Treatise on Correct Argument: Yi, Fengmen, and others were the best archers in the world. Also, Zhengzitong: Buddhist monks are called Shamen or Sangmen. Treatise on Suburban Sacrifices of the Former Han: Shamen, in Chinese, means to rest the heart, shave the head, sever desires, and return to non-action. Also, Rhyme Supplement: Rhyming with mian, pronounced mian. Songs of Chu, Distant Journey: Wait in emptiness and stillness, do not rush ahead of things. All things can be generated, this is the gateway of virtue. Also rhyming with min, pronounced min. Book of Odes (Shijing), Beifeng: Exit from the north gate, my heart is heavy with sorrow. Rhymes with the character for poverty. Xun Qing, Cloud Rhapsody: Coming and going in darkness, communicating with the great gods. Moving in and out very frequently, no one knows its gateway. Verification: Rites of Zhou, Grand Director of Music: Dance Cloud Gate, Great Roll, Great Salt, Great Shao, Great Xia, Great Huo, and Great Martial. According to the original text, Great Qing has been corrected to Great Shao. Page 1329, Entry 01