Mao Collection, Middle Volume. Radical: Hand (shǒu). Kangxi Stroke Count: 9. Page 425, Entry 11. Pronounced qian. According to the Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters (Shuowen Jiezi), it refers to the act of forcing or restraining someone. In the Biography of Chao Cuo in the History of the Former Han (Qian Han Shu), it is written that the scholars of the world all closed their mouths and dared not speak again. Also, per the Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), it is pronounced fan. The meaning is the same. Note from the Compendium of Rhymes (Yunhui): According to the Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters (Shuowen Jiezi), the definitions and meanings of qian (a specific character), qian (this entry), gan, qian, and zhen are distinct, though these characters have sometimes been used interchangeably or confused in the transmission and transcription of historical texts. Standard usage is now determined by the explanations found in the Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters (Shuowen Jiezi). According to the Correct Meaning of Characters (Zhengzitong), the characters qian, qian, and qian are interchangeable, though they differ in pronunciation and meaning from the character gan. In common usage, they are often erroneously substituted for one another. Please refer to the entry for the character gan under the Wood radical for further cross-reference.