Xu Collection, Upper Volume Radical: Metal (jīn) Bell; Kangxi stroke count: 13; Page 1299, Entry 01 Tang Rhyme (Tangyun), Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), and Rhyme Compendium (Yunhui) cite it as lang-ding, pronounced ling. Shuowen Jiezi states it is a small bell. Guangyun states it resembles a bell but is smaller in size. Zheng Yun states it is made round, cracked halfway to produce sound, with a copper bead fixed inside to ring. Zuo Tradition (Zuozhuan), Duke Huan, Year 2: Bestowing the luan-bells and the he-bells, to manifest their sound. Annotation: The bell is on the banner, it has a ringing sound. Explication of Texts (Shiwen): Bell, pronounced ling. Erya, Explaining Heaven: A bell on a banner is called a qi. Also, according to the Tang Dynasty regulations, the Academy of Scholars was strictly guarded, with bells and cords hung to serve as alarms; during the Changqing reign period, when troops were deployed in Hebei, they were often rung at night to signal the urgency of the situation. Li Deyu poem: Silver flowers hang on the academy placard, the wind shakes them, drawing out the divine bells. Also, Guangya: Ling-ling is a sound. Book of Han (Hanshu), Treatise on Astronomy: On a bing-xu day, the earth shook violently and emitted a ling-ling sound. Also, a book title. Baopuzi, On Vulgarity scroll: According to the middle scroll of the Jade Bell Classic (Yuling Jing). Also, Yangzi, Regional Speech (Fangyan): Being fond of talking but not appearing in the teachings of Confucius is called "shuo-ling" (talk-bell). Annotation: A metaphor for fiction that does not conform to great elegance. Also, Aristolochia (madouling), a drug name. Materia Medica (Bencao): Also called earth green wood fragrance. It is a vine; when the leaves fall, its fruit remains suspended, resembling the bells under a horse's neck, which is how it earned the name. Also, a grass name. Zhengzitong: Bell grass is the adenophora (shashen), and its shape resembles a flower. Mozhuang Manlu: During the Xuande reign of the Ming Dynasty, the Emperor dreamed of a spirit saying, "Rain strikes the silent drum-flower," and the Emperor casually replied, "Wind blows without sounding the bell-grass," which is still passed down as a marvelous rhymed couplet. Also, a flower name. Menghualu: A yellow and round chrysanthemum is called a golden bell. Also, interchangeable with the character ling. Zhou Rites (Zhouli), Spring Officials, Carriage Keeper: At great sacrifices, shake the bell to respond to the chicken-keeper. Annotation: The bell is sometimes written as ling. Also, Shuowen Jiezi: It is the lingering sound of thunder. Ling-ling is the sound made to cause the growth of all things. Also, interchangeable with ling. Classic of Poetry (Shijing), Odes of Qi: The sound of the collar rings. Annotation: The sound of neck rings.