Wu Collection, Middle Volume Radical: Eye (mù) Entry: sheng Kangxi strokes: 10 Page 804, Entry 11 According to Tang Rhyme (Tangyun), Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), Rhyme Compendium (Yunhui), and Correct Rhymes (Zhengyun), it is pronounced sheng (rising tone). According to Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters (Shuowen), it refers to eye disease characterized by the growth of a film. Also, according to Extensive Rhyme (Guangyun), it refers to a fault or a calamity. Book of Changes (Yijing), Hexagram of Litigation (Song): There is no calamity. Explication of Texts (Shiwen) says: Zixia's commentary states that ominous phenomena are called sheng. Ma Rong says: calamities. Zheng Xuan says: faults. Book of Documents (Shujing), Canon of Shun (Shundian): Calamities caused by oversight shall be pardoned. Commentary states: sheng refers to faults or errors. Zuo Tradition (Zuo Zhuan), 33rd Year of Duke Xi: Do not let one single fault obscure great virtue. Annotation states: sheng refers to a minor fault. History of the Later Han (Hou Hanshu), Biography of Lang Yi: Bright clouds descended and gathered; calamitous vapors ceased. Annotation states: calamitous vapors refers to baleful atmospheric conditions. It also refers to an ominous illness. History of the Former Han (Qian Hanshu), Biography of Imperial Relatives: The young King of Zhongshan, not yet one year old, suffered from an ominous illness. Meng Kang's annotation states: An ominous illness. Su Lin states: It is called liver syncope, and when it occurs, the lips, mouth, hands, feet, and fingernails all turn blue. It also refers to reducing or economizing. Rites of Zhou (Zhouli), Earth Office, Great Minister of Instruction: There are twelve policies for years of famine; the seventh is to simplify rites. Annotation states: Policies for famine refer to reducing or simplifying rituals. Also written in the variant form of the character (sheng), denoting emaciation or weakness. Rites of Zhou (Zhouli), Summer Office, Great Minister of War: If one relies on the weak to violate the few, then diminish them. Annotation states: sheng means to diminish or deduct. Reducing their territory on all four sides is like a person becoming emaciated. Also used interchangeably with the character for simplify (sheng). See the annotation for that character for details. According to Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), it is pronounced xing (rising tone). The meaning is the same.