Shen Collection, Upper Volume Radical: Grass (cǎo) 苣 Kangxi Strokes: 11 Page 1023, Entry 10 Pronounced ju (falling tone). Shuowen Jiezi (Explanation of Graphs and Analysis of Characters): A bundle of reeds for burning. Nowadays, it is commonly written in the variant form ju (torch), which is incorrect. History of the Later Han (Hou Hanshu), Biography of Huangfu Gui: Bundled torches to mount the city walls. Old Book of Tang (Tangshu), Treatise on Carriages and Clothing: The Son of Heaven had five types of carriages, decorated with golden phoenix wings and painted bird and beast patterns on the torches. Yupian (Jade Chapters): The ju-teng plant is sesame. Cao Tang, Verses on Roaming Immortals: Ate up all the sesame flowers by the stream. Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao): Woju (lettuce), see the note under the character wo. Also, baiju (white lettuce) resembles lettuce, its leaves have white hairs, and its flavor is bitter and cold. Bitter greens, also known as kuju (bitter lettuce). Yunhui (Collection of Rhymes): The wild variety is called bianju. Du Fu, Poetry: Bitter lettuce with thorns like needles. Note: This refers to the wild lettuce.