Hai Collection, Lower Volume. Radical: Turtle (gui). Kangxi strokes: 16. Page 1537, Number 26. In the Tang Rhymes (Tangyun), the pronunciation is a combination of ju and zhui. In the Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), it is a combination of ju and kui. In the Rhyme Assembly (Yunhui), it is a combination of ju and wei. It has the same sound as the character pronounced gui. It is the leader of the shelled creatures. The Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters (Shuowen Jiezi) states: The turtle is an animal with a hard shell on the outside and a fleshy body on the inside. The Jade Chapters (Yupian) states: The turtle shell has patterns symbolizing progress. It has hard bone on the outside and a fleshy body on the inside. It is born without males and takes the snake as its mate. The Approaching the Correct (Erya) in the section on fish records ten types of turtles: the first is the divine turtle, the second is the spiritual turtle, the third is the grasping turtle, the fourth is the precious turtle, the fifth is the patterned turtle, the sixth is the divination turtle, the seventh is the mountain turtle, the eighth is the marsh turtle, the ninth is the water turtle, and the tenth is the fire turtle. Also, the Approaching the Correct in the section on fish records: A three-legged turtle is named ben. The Commentary (Shu) states: The name of a three-legged turtle is ben. Also, the Expanded Correct (Guangya) states: Turtle shells and cowrie shells were used as currency in ancient times. The Book of the Former Han (Qian Han Shu) in the Treatise on Food and Money states: Among things that fly in the sky, none is more divine than the dragon; among things that run on the earth, none is more useful than the horse; and among things used by humans, none is more important than the turtle shell. It also refers to the name of a constellation. The Star Classic of Master Shi (Shishi Xingjing) records: There are six stars in the Celestial Turtle constellation, located within the Milky Way to the south of the Tail mansion. It also refers to a place name. The Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu) records in the twelfth year of Duke Huan: Duke Huan of Lu met with the Duke of Song at Gui. The Commentary by Du (Duzhu) states: Gui is a location in the State of Song. It also refers to a mountain name. The Book of Odes (Shijing) states: Possessing Mount Gui and Mount Meng. The Mao Commentary (Maozhuan) states: Gui is the name of a mountain. The Zuo Commentary (Zuozhuan) records that the fields of Guiyin are on the northern side of Mount Gui. This mountain is currently located in Sishui County, Yanzhou Prefecture, Shandong. It also refers to the spine of an animal. The Zuo Commentary records in the twelfth year of Duke Xuan: While shooting an elk, the arrow struck the high part of its spine. The Commentary by Du states: Li means to attach. Gui refers to the raised central part of the spine. It also refers to an official title. The Rites of Zhou (Zhouli) in the section on the Officers of Spring records: The Turtle Man is in charge of matters related to the six types of turtles. Also, turtle eye refers to a type of wine vessel. The Book of Rites (Liji) in the section on the Positions in the Hall of Distinction records: The Zhou dynasty used the yellow eye wine vessel, likely because the vessel was decorated with turtle eye patterns, which were yellow in color. Also, in the Expanded Rhymes (Guangyun), the pronunciation is a combination of ju and qiu, having the same sound as jiu. It refers to Qiuzi, the name of a kingdom in the Western Regions. The Book of the Former Han in the Traditions of the Western Regions states: Qiuzi is pronounced as jiu ci. Also, in the Collected Rhymes and the Rhyme Assembly, the pronunciation is a combination of qu and you, having the same sound as qiu. Qiuzi was also the name of a county during the Han dynasty. The Book of the Former Han in the Treatise on Geography states: The administrative seat of the Military Commandant of the Dependent State of Qiuzi in Shang Commandery. The annotation by Ying Shao says: It is pronounced qiu ci. Yan Shigu says: People from the kingdom of Qiuzi came to submit and were settled here, hence the name. Note: The character for turtle in the name Qiuzi has two pronunciations, jiu and qiu. Also, the Rhapsody on the Western Capital (Xijing Fu) by Zhang Heng states: Gathering purple cowries and catching old turtles; seizing water leopards and tethering submerged oxen. Based on the rhyme scheme here, the character for turtle also follows the you rhyme, and it is not only in the term Qiuzi that it has the pronunciations qiu and jiu. Also, in the Collected Rhymes and the Rhyme Assembly, the pronunciation is a combination of ju and lun, having the same sound as jun. The Zhuangzi in the section Enjoyment in Untroubled Ease records: There was a man in the State of Song who was skilled at making a medicine to prevent hands from chapping, and for generations his family made their living by bleaching silk floss. The annotation states: bu jun means that by using the medicine, the hands would not chap or develop sores from the cold. The Pronunciation and Meaning (Shiwen) provides the fanqie pronunciation as ju and lun. Also, as a rhyming variant, it is pronounced as a combination of yu and ju. The Book of Changes (Yijing) in the Hexagram of Diminution states: Someone presents a turtle worth ten double-strings of cowries; it cannot be refused. The Contract for a Youth (Tongyue) by Wang Bao states: Weaving nets to catch fish, shooting geese and ducks with tethered arrows. Going up the mountain to shoot deer, going into the water to stab turtles. The Correct Character Mastery (Zhengzitong) states: This is the original form of the character. Textual Criticism: The Approaching the Correct in the section on insects mentions ten turtles. Note that the original text should be corrected from the section on insects to the section on fish. The Approaching the Correct in the section on insects mentions the three-legged turtle named ben. Note that the original text should be corrected from the section on insects to the section on fish.