Chen Collection, Middle Volume Radical: Tree (mù) 柏 Kangxi strokes: 9 Page 518, Entry 22 Pronounced bo. In the Shuowen Jiezi (Shuowen Jiezi), it is defined as a type of tree. The Liushu Jingyun states that the cypress is a tree belonging to the yin principle. Trees generally belong to the yang principle, but the branches and leaves of the cypress incline toward the shade and point toward the west; it is perhaps a tree possessing the virtue of steadfastness, which is why the character is formed from white. White is the standard color representing the west. The Spring and Autumn Latitude (Chunqiu Wei) records that cypress trees were planted beside the graves of feudal lords. The Book of Han (Qian Hanshu), Biography of Dongfang Shuo, states that the cypress tree is the courtyard where ghosts and spirits gather. It also carries the meaning of great, and is interchangeable with the character meaning elder brother. The Shiming states that a cypress carriage is a great carriage. It also carries the meaning of to compel, and is the same as the character for to force. The Rites of Zhou (Zhouli), Spring Offices, records that cypress mats were woven from rushes and trimmed with black and white ax-patterned borders. Zheng Xuan's commentary explains that a cypress mat is a mat laid upon the ground. The Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), Basic Annals of Emperor Gaozu of Han, states that the place named Bairen implies a location where one will be compelled by others. The Book of Han (Hanshu), Wudi Huzi Ge, writes: The fish are distressed, for they are pressed by the winter. It is also the name of a state, located in Xiping County, Henan. It is also the name of a mountain. The Book of Documents (Shangshu), Tribute of Yu (Yugong), records: Dredging the Huai River begins at Mount Tongbo. The Book of Han (Qian Hanshu), Annals of Emperor Wu, records the construction of the Bailiang Terrace. It is also a surname. The Genealogy of Surnames (Xingpu) records that there was Bai Zhi during the Warring States period and Bai Ying during the Han dynasty. It is also pronounced bo (entering tone). The Songs of the South (Chuci), Nine Songs, writes: The mountain spirit is fragrant like the du-ruo plant, drinking from the rocky spring while cooling off under the pines and cypresses. It is also pronounced bi. Tao Qian's Poem on Passing Qianxi writes: Dreaming all day of life in the fields and gardens, how could one be separated for long? In the end, one harbors the intention of the returning boat, truly as one should be like the frost-covered cypress. The character is formed from tree, with white indicating the sound. The vulgar form written with the cypress radical is incorrect.