Xu Collection, Upper Volume. Radical: Long (cháng). Kangxi strokes: 8. Page 1328, Entry 01. Ancient form: cháng. Tangyun and Jiyun: Pronounced chang. Zhengyun: Pronounced chang. Zengyun: The opposite of short. Mencius: Currently, Gongduzi is over nine feet and four inches tall. History of the Former Han: Record of Tian Heng: An object has its short side, and an inch has its long side. Also, it indicates duration or length of time. Book of Odes (Shijing): The Zhou dynasty's wisdom is profound and distant; it manifests its auspiciousness for a long time. Jian Commentary: Chang means lasting or long-lasting. Laozi: Dao De Jing: The reason heaven and earth can endure for a long time is that they do not live for themselves, so they can live for a long time. Also, it indicates distance. Book of Odes (Shijing): Along that distant road, go and subdue this group of enemies. Jian Commentary: Chang means distant. Ancient Poetry: The road is difficult and long. Also, it indicates frequency or continuity. Tao Qian: Returning Home: Although the door is fitted, it is always closed. Li Shangyin's Poetry: The wind and clouds have long guarded the military stockades. Also, it indicates greatness or vastness. A New Account of the Tales of the World (Shishuo Xinyu): Hoping to ride the vast wind and break through ten thousand miles of giant waves. Also, it indicates an advantage or strong point. Book of Jin: Biography of Yue Guang: When commenting on people, one must always praise their strengths first. Book of Tang: Biography of Han Wan: Literary talent and skills are outstanding and exceptional. Also, Boya: Chang means to hold or control. Also, Conversations of the States (Guoyu): How could I dare not to obey the king's orders? Both the elders and the juniors have agreed. Annotation: Older and younger brothers are like saying first and second, or elder and younger. Also, the name of a star. Boya: Venus is called the Chang-geng star. Book of Odes (Shijing): In the east is the Qiming star; in the west is the Chang-geng star. Commentary: When the sun is about to rise, call that star Qiming (the opener of brightness). After the sun has set, call that star Chang-geng (the long wait). Also, a palace name. Ban Gu: Western Capital Rhapsody: In the north, it connects to the Mingguang Palace and transverses the Changle Palace. Xie Tiao: Lamentation Poem: From the imperial palace, she was married to a distant foreign country, and lost all joy in the Changmen Palace. Annotation: Changmen was a palace where Han dynasty empresses lived. Also, a place name. Yuhai: Chang'an was originally in the Guanzhong region. The Western Han established its capital here, and later the capital where the emperor resided was referred to as Chang'an. Also, a mountain name. Shuolin: Duke Lu saw the Changshan Mountain of Dongyang and said: How flat and long it is! History of the Jin: Treatise on Rites: The presiding official said that Changbai Mountain is where the imperial enterprise originated, and according to ritual, it should be honored. Also, a country name. Classic of Mountains and Seas (Shanhaijing): There is a country called Yanchang. Also, an animal name. Classic of Mountains and Seas (Shanhaijing): There is an animal whose shape is like an ape, but it has four ears; its name is Changyou. Also, a plant name. Erya: Explanation of Plants: Changchu is also called Tiaoju. Sub-commentary: Changchu has another name called Tiaoju. Also, a surname. Zuo Tradition (Zuozhuan): Year 28 of Duke Xi: Ning Zi first let Changzang guard the gate. Annotation: Changzang was a high official of the State of Wei. Also, there is Zhongchang, which is a compound surname. There is also Changcheng, a god's name. Classic of Mountains and Seas (Shanhaijing): Guo Pu's Praise: The essence of nine virtues transformed into Changcheng. A human face with a leopard's tail, this deity is tranquil. Strange creatures naturally hide, and no one in the world can eulogize him. Also, Yunhui and Zhengyun: Pronounced zhang. Indicates a leader or an elder. Book of Changes (I Ching): Qian Hexagram: Yuan is the leader of virtuous conduct. Sub-commentary: Yuan is the source of life-giving, therefore it is said that Yuan is the leader of virtuous conduct. Strategies of the Warring States: You are dominant in the State of Qi, so why do you need the land of Xue? Annotation: Chang here means to be dominant or to be a leader. Also refers to being of advanced age. Book of Documents (Shujing): Establishing love should begin with relatives; establishing respect should begin with elders. Book of Rites (Liji): Treat those one generation older than you as a father; treat those ten years older than you as an elder brother; those five years older than you can walk side by side, but slightly behind. Also refers to high status. Book of Documents (Shujing): Reaching out to the four seas, five district governors were established in every region. Commentary: It means that for the feudal lords up to the seacoast, every five states would select one virtuous person to be the leader of the region, called a Five-Leader, to carry out governance. Commentary: Five-Leader is the head of all officials. Also, Rites of Zhou: Heaven Officials: Grand Prime Minister: Then apply the laws to the fiefs within the royal domain and appoint their leaders. Annotation: Leader refers to dukes, ministers, grand masters, as well as princes and brothers of the king who have fiefs. Also indicates growth or progress. Book of Changes (I Ching): Tai Hexagram: The way of the superior man grows, while the way of the petty man diminishes. Also indicates growth (biological). Mencius: If it receives proper nourishment, there is nothing that will not grow. Also indicates to raise or nurture. History of the Former Han: Biography of Dong Zhongshu: The yang energy is always in midsummer, and its function is to give birth, nurture, and raise. Also, Book of Odes (Shijing): Capable of discerning right from wrong, capable of treating one's kin well, capable of being a teacher, and capable of being a ruler. Jian Commentary: To teach people tirelessly is called chang (teacher). Also, an official title. Zuo Tradition (Zuozhuan): Year 11 of Duke Xiang: The State of Qin's Shuzhang Bao and Shuzhang Wu led the army to attack the State of Jin to rescue the State of Zheng. Annotation: Shuzhang is a noble rank in the State of Qin. Also, a county name. Zuo Tradition (Zuozhuan): Year 18 of Duke Xiang: In the summer, the people of the State of Jin arrested the diplomat Shi Mai of the State of Wei in Changzi County. Annotation: Changzi County belongs to Shangdang Commandery. Also, Jiyun, Yunhui, and Zhengyun: Pronounced zhang. Jiyun: Measuring length is called chang. Also, Jiyun: Indicates an excess. Zhengyun: Indicates many, redundancy, or remainder. Analects of Confucius: (The blanket's) length is one and a half times the length of a human body. A New Account of the Tales of the World (Shishuo Xinyu): Never had any redundant possessions in his life. Lu Ji: Rhapsody on Literature: Therefore, (writing) should not win by being verbose. Also, Zhengyun: Pronounced zhang. Indicates strengthening or flourishing. Han Yu's Poetry: Only when the timing is right does it become more flourishing. Verification: Du Fu's Poetry: The wind and clouds have long guarded the military stockades. Carefully noted: The poem "Choubi Station" is a work by Li Shangyin. Changed Du Fu to Li Shangyin. Rites of Zhou: Grand Prime Minister: Then apply the laws to the villages and towns, and appoint their leaders. Carefully noted: According to the original book, changed Grand Prime Minister to Prime Minister.