Shen Collection, Upper Volume Radical: Grass (cǎo) Kangxi Strokes: 10 Page 1020, Entry 16 Pronounced rui. Shuowen Jiezi: Rui rui describes the appearance of grass growing. Ben Cao Zhu: Stone dragon rui grows on stones; its leaves are short and small, hence the name. Pan Yue, Western Expedition Rhapsody (Xizheng Fu): Gathered in a small area at the corner of the city, not even one place in a hundred. Commentary: Rui denotes a minute appearance. Name of a state. Book of Odes (Shijing), Greater Odes (Daya): The disputes between the State of Yu and the State of Rui were settled and peace was reached. Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), Annals of Zhou (Zhou Benji) Commentary: According to the Jin Taikang Geography Records, there is a Rui City forty li northwest of the State of Yu; twenty li west of Rui City is the ancient State of Rui. Edge of the water. Book of Odes (Shijing), Greater Odes (Daya): Dwelling at the water's bend and edge. Commentary: The meaning of rui is inward. The inner curved area of the water is called ao, and the outer area of the water is called ju. Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), Biography of Su Qin: Leather thumb rings and ribbons for binding shields, nothing was not completely equipped. Suoyin Commentary: Rui refers to the straps attached to the back of a shield. A surname. Comprehensive Records of Clans (Tongzhi Shizu Lue): Descendants of the Minister of Works (situ), Lord Rui. A concubine of Duke Jing of Qi was called Lady Rui. Pronounced re. Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government (Tongjian): In the twenty-seventh year of the Yuanjia reign of the Song dynasty, the Ruirui sent envoys from afar to express their sincere submission. Hu Sansheng Commentary: Ruirui is the same as Ruru. Northern Wei called the Rouran people Ruru, but the speech of the people in the south changed this to Ruirui. Shen Yue’s Book of Song (Songshu) and Li Yanshou’s History of the Southern Dynasties (Nanshi) both write Ruru as Ruirui, following the speech of the southerners.