Mao Collection, Middle Volume. Radical: Hand (shǒu). Kangxi dictionary strokes: 16. Page 455, Entry 01. Pronounced jiao (rising tone). From the Explaining Graphs (Shuowen): To raise the hand. Another meaning is to act in a presumptuous manner. Interchangeable with jiao. Book of Rites (Zhouli), Autumn Official, Master of the Guards (Shishi): In charge of the eight measures of the officials; the fifth is to falsely claim state orders. Commentary: To claim falsehoods to achieve one's ends. Sub-commentary: To jiao is to commit fraud. History of the Former Han (Qianhan), Annals of Emperor Wu: To use fraudulent authority and power to encroach upon the common people. Commentary: To jiao means to entrust or fake. Qian means stubborn. It refers to those who falsely claim the mandate of the superiors to stubbornly commit evils. Also in Biography of the Five Kings of the Gao Lineage: To fake imperial edicts to command the world. Commentary: To pretend to have the emperor's edicts. Also from the Cangjie Manual: To rectify. Book of Rites (Zhouli), Winter Official, Record of Trades (Kaogongji), Bow Maker: When bending the bow shafts, one wishes them to be matured by fire without excess; when bending the horns, one wishes them to be matured by fire without scorching. History of the Former Han (Qianhan), Table of Feudal Lords: To straighten the crooked beyond its proper measure. Commentary: To straighten that which is bent is called jiao. Also describes a strong appearance. Xunzi, The Way of the Minister: With a strong, unyielding, and upright demeanor, without a mind that leans to the side. Also pronounced qiao. Also means to raise the hand. Also pronounced jiao. Meaning the same. Also means to take. Another meaning is to select. Also pronounced jiao (falling tone). Jiao shao, meaning to take briefly. See notes under the character shao. Also pronounced qiao. Tian jiao, the appearance of stretching the body. Er ya, Explanation of Animals: In humans, this is called jiao. Commentary: To stretch and extend the hands and feet. Also pronounced qiao. Meaning to raise. Also pronounced qiao. Meaning the same. Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), Biography of Bian Que: The tongue was raised and would not descend. Also pronounced kao. To use fire to bend objects. Record of Trades, regarding bending the shafts, as explained by Liu Changzong. Also pronounced jiao (rising tone). To twist or bend. In the Explanation of Text for the Record of Trades, Shen reads this as gu liao. Xunzi, The Way of the Minister: To lead all the ministers and officials, and together compel or rectify the ruler. Textual research: In the History of the Former Han, Annals of Emperor Wu, the text reads what the common people are at peace with is the distinct path and the fraudulent and stubborn. Note: In the original text, the two characters for fraud and stubborn belong to the following phrase, not the preceding one. Corrected to: To use fraudulent and stubborn historical power to encroach upon the common people.