Mao Collection, Upper Volume Radical: Heart (xīn) Total strokes: 9 Page 382, Entry 25 Pronounced chu. According to the Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters (Shuowen Jiezi), it means to be afraid or terrified. As written in the Book of Documents (Shujing): Alert and fearful, maintaining caution at all times. It also refers to being sorrowful or desolate. As written in the Book of Rites (Liji): Internally sorrowful while observing the prescribed rituals. Also pronounced xu. It is interchangeable with the character meaning to induce or tempt. As written in the Fu on Owning Birds by Jia Yi: Those tempted by profit or coerced by circumstances sometimes go east and sometimes go west. The commentary states: Crucially, this refers to being tempted by profit. Also pronounced xu. According to the Guangya, it means to be mad or crazy. It is identical to the variant form meaning the same.