Chen Collection, Lower Volume Radical: Not (wú) Page 589, Entry 04 According to Broad Rhymes (Guangyun), it is pronounced ai (rising tone). According to Collected Rhymes (Jiyun) and Rhyme Assembly (Yunhui), it is pronounced ai (rising tone), with the same sound as ai (flat tone). Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters (Shuowen Jiezi) interprets it as: A person lacking moral conduct. Another source refers to Lao Ai, a man from the state of Qin, who was executed for the crime of lewdness; therefore, later generations use the term Lao Ai to curse people for lewd behavior. General Refinements (Tongya) records: Lao Ai is pronounced lao ai. Additionally, according to Broad Rhymes (Guangyun), it is pronounced ai (flat tone). According to Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), it is pronounced ai (flat tone), with the same sound as ai (flat tone), sharing the same meaning. Furthermore, Jade Chapters (Yupian) records: It is an ancient form of the character ai (for a woman or concubine).