Chen Collection, Lower Volume Radical: Bad (dǎi) Kangxi Strokes: 12 Page 581, Entry 33 Pronounced zhi. According to the Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters (Shuowen Jiezi), it refers to the accumulation of animal fat over a long period. Xu Shen says: When fat is kept for a long time, it penetrates and permeates. In the Jade Chapters (Yupian), it means to be born or to plant. Book of Documents (Shangshu): The millions of common people are truly able to multiply and thrive. The Lu State history states: Farmers plant and grow good grains. Zuo Tradition (Zuo Zhuan): To act with kindness and benevolence, imitating the way Heaven gives birth to all things and assists in their nourishment. It also refers to increasing wealth and profit. Book of Documents (Shangshu): Do not covet goods and wealth. Commentary: This refers to producing wealth and profit; it means not to be greedy. The Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) contains a chapter titled The Biographies of Wealth-Producing (Huozhi Zhuan). It also means to support or cultivate. Book of Documents (Shangshu): Support and nurture those who are respectful. Commentary: This means to reward and foster those who show proper etiquette. Zuo Tradition (Zuo Zhuan): How could I dare not cultivate this tree, so as not to forget the ode Horn Bow (Jiaogong). It also means to multiply or to increase. Discourses of Lu (Luyu): If people of the same surname marry, one fears that their offspring will not flourish. Wei Zhao commentary: It means to flourish. Zuo Tradition (Zuo Zhuan): Consorts within the palace should not be of the same surname, as the offspring born would not be robust. Du Yu commentary: It means to be robust. It also means to establish. Discourses of Zhou (Zhouyu): Come and establish the standards and principles that should be followed. It also refers to learning and cultivation. Zuo Tradition (Zuo Zhuan): Learning is like planting and growing. If one does not learn, one will wither and fall behind. Du Yu commentary: It means growth. This discusses how learning improves virtue, similar to a farmer tending to grain seedlings, making progress and gains every day and every month. Also, the reduplicated form refers to a smooth and level appearance. Book of Odes (Shijing): Smooth and level is that courtyard. Pronounced shi. It means to plant. Zuo Tradition (Zuo Zhuan): When Zichan was in power, the people praised him, saying: I have fields, and Zichan helps me plant them. If Zichan dies, who will succeed him? Commentary: Pronounced as shi (falling tone). Xu Miao reads it as shi (falling tone) to rhyme with the following text. Textual Research: In Zuo Tradition, under the eighth year of Duke Zhao, it says: Learning is cultivation. If one does not cultivate, one will fall. Adjusted according to the original text to the eighteenth year, and changed does not cultivate to does not learn.