Xu Collection, Middle Volume Radical: Mound (fù) Xian; Kangxi strokes: 21; Page: 1361, entry 10 Pronounced xiǎn. Shuowen Jiezi (Shuowen): obstruction and difficulty. Yupian: high, dangerous. Book of Changes (Yijing), Hexagram Tun: "moving in danger." Hexagram Kan: "Repeated Kan, double danger." Also: "Heavenly dangers cannot be ascended; earthly dangers are mountains, rivers, hills, and mounds. Kings and dukes establish dangers to protect their states. The use of danger at such times is truly great!" Also, Sīxiǎn, an official title. Rites of Zhou (Zhouli), Summer Officers: "The Sīxiǎn manages maps of the nine regions to fully understand their obstacles of mountains, forests, rivers, and swamps, and to make their roads passable." Also, Yupian: evil, wicked. Book of Documents (Shujing), Pan Geng: "Now you clamor and grumble, believing deceptive and superficial words." The commentary says: "believing treacherous and false, words received superficially." Also, Rites of Zhou (Zhouli), Spring Officers, Diantong: "Xian sound converges." The commentary says: "Xian refers to being partial and narrow. When xian, the sound converges and does not go beyond." Also, Rites of Zhou (Zhouli), Winter Officers, Kaogongji, Bow Makers: "Illness and injury within." The commentary says: "Xian means injury." Also, a place name. Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), Monograph on Joseon: "Capital Wangxian." The commentary says: "Xian City is east of the Paishui River in Lelang Commandery." History of the Former Han (Qian Han Shu), Treatise on Geography: "Liangdong Commandery, Xiandú." The commentary says: "This was the capital of King Man of Joseon. It was named after its dangerous water features." Also, Treatise on Geography: "Zhongshan State, Anxian." Also, Erya, Explanation of Fish: "A large jú, and xiǎn." The commentary says: "Xian here means dirty and thin." Also, Jiyun: pronounced chǎn. Difficult and arduous. Also pronounced xiān (rising tone), meaning steep. Also, pronounced qiàn. Same as jiǎn. Also, pronounced jiǎn. Zilín: "Mountain shape resembling a double steamer." According to this, this is the pronunciation and meaning of the character yǎn (隒). Leipian states that yǎn (隒) is also pronounced jiǎn, but Jiyun lacks this pronunciation for yǎn (隒). It is merely that yǎn (隒) was mistakenly written as xiǎn (险). Also, Jiyun: pronounced yán. Originally written as yán (岩). Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), Annals of Yin: "Found Yuè in Fu Yan." The commentary says: "Xian is also written as yán (岩)." Jiyun: sometimes written as yán (崄).