Chen Collection, Lower Volume Radical: Bad (dǎi) Kangxi stroke count: 15 Page 583, Entry 01 Pronounced shang. Refers to the funeral rites for a person who died before reaching adulthood. Book of Rites (Liji), Commentary on Mourning Apparel: Those who die between sixteen and nineteen years of age are called long shang (elder premature death); those who die between twelve and fifteen years of age are called zhong shang (middle premature death); those who die between eight and eleven years of age are called xia shang (younger premature death); those who die at seven years of age or younger are called wu fu zhi shang (premature death without mourning attire); those who die before three months of age are not classified as premature deaths. Book of Rites (Liji), Tan Gong: The people of the Zhou dynasty buried the long shang in the coffins of the Yin-Shang people, buried the zhong shang and xia shang in burial chambers lined with bricks as the Xia dynasty people did, and buried the wu fu zhi shang in earthen pottery coffins as the You-Yu clan did. Rites of Zhou (Zhouli), Officers of the Earth, The Marriage Official: It is forbidden to arrange marriages for those who died as minors. Annotation: Premature death refers to those nineteen years of age or younger. It is also a category of posthumous titles. Jizhu Zhoushu (Lost Book of Zhou): Those who die young and prematurely without reaching adulthood are called shang; those who die young and prematurely without having established a family are called shang. Ghosts who die for national affairs and have no descendants are called guo shang (state premature death). Songs of Chu (Chuci): Contains the poem titled State Premature Death.