Xu Collection, Upper Volume Radical: Metal (jīn) 鍛; Kangxi stroke count: 17; Page 1314 Pronounced duàn Shuowen Jiezi (Shuowen): Small-scale smelting. Composed of Metal (jīn) and the phonetic component duàn. Xu Xuan says: To hammer it merely, without melting, hence it is called small-scale smelting. Cangjie Pian: To hammer. Guangyun: To strike iron. Zengyun: To smelt metal is called duàn. Book of Documents (Shangshu), Fei Shi chapter: To hammer your spears and lances. Commentary: To hammer and refine spears and lances. Book of Jin (Jinshu), Biography of Ji Kang: Kang loved to hammer. He would often hammer under a willow tree. When Zhong Hui visited him, Kang continued hammering as before. Also, Former Book of Han (Hanshu), Biography of Lu Wenshu: When submitting a memorial, if the superior is fearful or retreats, they will hammer and refine the case to force it into the scope of the law. Annotation: Refined, thorough, and careful to force the facts into the legal framework. Book of Later Han (Houhanshu), Biography of Wei Biao: Officials who hammer and refine cases have hearts that are somewhat thin. Annotation: To hammer and refine is like saying to mature. It means that officials who delve deep into the nuances of law to force someone into a crime are like skilled smiths or potters who smelt, cast, and hammer, making the crime mature. Also, Book of Etiquette and Ceremonial (Yili), Mourning Rites: Hammer the fabric but do not use ash. Commentary: The cap is made of six-sheng cloth; wash it with water, but do not use ash. Also, Shi Sang Li (Rites for the Funeral of a Scholar), Commentary on Gong Bu: Gong Bu is fabric that has been hammered, washed, and treated with ash. Also, Ma Rong, Rhapsody on the Long Flute (Changdi Fu): Thundering and clanging sounds of hammering. Annotation: Hammering is the sound. Cangjie Pian says: To hammer is to strike. Also interchangeable with duàn. Zuo Zhuan, 11th Year of Duke Ai: Dried meat. Explanation of texts: Duàn is pronounced duàn. Also written as duàn. Guliang Zhuan, 24th Year of Duke Zhuang: Offerings of women consist of dates, chestnuts, dried meat, and strips of dried meat. Annotation: Duàn is pronounced duàn. It is dried meat. Dried meat seasoned with ginger and cinnamon is called xiū. Also, Book of Odes (Shijing), Da Ya: Take the whetstone, take the smoothing stone. Commentary: Duàn is a stone. Supplementary Note: A stone used for sharpening axes and hatchets. Explanation of texts: The original text of duàn is also written as duàn, pronounced duàn. Shuowen Jiezi says: A duàn is a whetstone. Also, the name of an arrow. Former Book of Han (Hanshu), Biography of the Prince of Hengshan: Made heavy carts and smoothing-stone arrows.