Mao Collection, Upper Volume Radical: Heart (xīn) 慘 Kangxi strokes: 15 Page 398, Entry 01 Pronounced can (rising tone). Painful. Book of Odes (Shijing), Lesser Odes: My heart is very painful. Also, poisonous or cruel. Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), Praise in the Biographies of Harsh Officials: Although cruel and harsh, this fits his position. Also, according to Collection of Rhymes (Jiyun), pronounced can (falling tone). The meaning is the same. Also, as a rhyming word, pronounced cuo (falling tone). Book of Odes (Shijing), Greater Odes: The vast heaven is very bright, my life is without joy. I see you are confused, my heart is very painful.