Hai Collection, Lower Volume Radical: Hemp (má) Kangxi Strokes: 19 Page 1515, Entry 23 Ancient citations: According to the Tang Rhyme (Tangyun), the pronunciation is ce. According to the Collected Rhymes (Jiyun) and the Rhyme Compilation (Yunhui), the pronunciation is zi. According to the Correct Rhymes (Zhengyun), the pronunciation is ce; the sound is identical to zou. The Explanation of Graphs and Analysis of Characters (Shuowen Jiezi) defines it as hemp. The Jade Compendium (Yupian) defines it as the stalk of the hemp plant. The Wide Rhyme (Guangyun) defines it as a collection of hemp. The Songs of Chu (Chuci), in the section Seven Admonitions (Qijian), contains the line: Mixed fragrant herbs and hemp stalks. The Compendium of Characters (Zihui) explains: This character refers to hemp stalks, which is the same as the term for hemp steaming stalks. Wang Yi notes: The feathered stalk of the male hemp plant is called hemp stalk; roasted bamboo is called steaming stalk, thus distinguishing the two. It is sometimes also written in a variant form (zou). Pan Yue, in his Rhapsody on the Western Expedition (Xizheng Fu), contains the line: Moved by the market wells of hemp stalks. Li Shan notes: This refers to hemp stalks. The market wells of hemp stalks refer to the market in Weicheng where hemp stalks were sold. It is also written in a variant form (zou). The History of the Former Han (Qian Hanshu), in the Record of the Five Elements (Wuxing Zhi), records: In the fourth year of the Jianping era, the common people were panicked and running, holding in their hands either hay or a single hemp stalk. Ru Chun notes: This refers to a hemp stalk.