Mao Collection, Lower Volume Radical: Square (fāng) Kangxi stroke count: 8 Page 86, Entry 03 Ancient form. Pronounced du (level tone). Pronounced hu (level tone). Identical to the character for crow. According to the Rhyme Compendium (Yunhui), the clerical script version is written as this character. The ancient form was meant to resemble the shape of a crow; now it is only used as an exclamation or a grammatical particle, and thus it is no longer used for the word meaning crow. Also, according to the commentary in the Erya, a dictionary of synonyms (Erya), the characters for exclamation are particles that conclude a sound. According to the sub-commentary, these are exclamatory particles. Book of Documents (Shangshu), Canon of Yao: They all said: Oh, Gun! Book of Odes (Shijing), Zhou Eulogies: Oh, the solemn and pure temple. Also, Zhou Eulogies: Oh, how clearly manifest. Note: Sometimes written as other exclamatory characters; the sound and meaning are identical. Also, pronounced yu (level tone). A grammatical particle. According to the Guangya, a dictionary of terms (Guangya), this character is equivalent to the character for in or at. Note: The Shuowen Jiezi dictionary defines the character for in or at as being equivalent to this character; likely they were used interchangeably in ancient times. In general, all classical grammatical particles are written with the character for in or at. Also, to dwell. Han Yu, Poem for my Children: The front room is prepared for guests and relatives, this is where the capping and marriage ceremonies are held. Zhu Xi, Textual Examination: The word place is sometimes written as the word for rely. Note: If the phrase is read as to rely upon, then it means to rely on it to dwell. Kong Rong, Letter: Raising a cup to be together. Cao Zhi, Music Bureau Poetry: Hearts are together. Du Fu, Poem: Fortunately, good friends are together. This signifies relying on one another to dwell. Also, Yang Xiong, Supreme Mystery (Taixuan): White tongues going on and on. Note: Describes the appearance of many difficulties. Also, to replace. To go. Also, a place name. Records of the Warring States (Zhanguo Ce): The six hundred li of the Shangyu territory. Also, a surname. Surnames and Given Names (Xingshi Jijiupian): The Yellow Emperor's minister, Yu Ze, created footwear. History of the Former Han (Qian Hanshu), Table of Meritorious Officials: The Marquis of She'an, Yu Dan.