Chou Collection, Middle Volume Radical: Earth (tǔ) Kangxi Strokes: 12 Page 233, Entry 24 Broad Rhymes (Guangyun): Pronounced ruan (rising tone). Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), Rhyme Anthology (Yunhui), and Orthodox Rhymes (Zhengyun): Pronounced xuan (level tone). Same as ruan. Wei Zhao states: Land by a river. Zhang Yan states: Land beside a city wall. Another opinion: A field below a city wall. Also, the open ground between an outer wall and an inner wall of a temple. History of the Former Han (Qian Han Shu), Biography of Shen Tuga: Chao Cuo tunneled through the wall of the temple of the Grand Emperor. Yan Shigu states: The term refers to the space within the outer wall and outside the inner wall. Also, Broad Rhymes (Guangyun): Pronounced wo (falling tone); Collected Rhymes (Jiyun): Pronounced wo (falling tone); Sound of nuo (falling tone). Sandy soil. Also, Collected Rhymes (Jiyun): Pronounced luan (falling tone); Sound of nuan (falling tone). Land along the water's edge. Also written as ruan. See the entry for ruan for further details.