Yin Collection, Lower Volume Radical: Broad (guǎng) Kangxi Strokes: 16 Page 351, Entry 15 According to the records in Collection of Rhymes (Yunhui) and Correct Rhymes (Zhengyun), it is pronounced qiáng. It shares the same sound as the character for mast. Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu), in the third year of Duke Cheng: Jin official Xi Ke and Wei official Sun Liangfu attacked the Qiangjiuru tribe. Collection of Rhymes (Jiyun) interprets it as a branch of the Red Di peoples. According to the Jade Chapters (Yupian), it is the same as the character for wall. In the Strategies of the Warring States (Zhanguoce), it is written: Zhao used mugwort and thatch to wall them in. In the Biography of Zou Yang in the History of the Former Han (Qianhan Shu), it is written: The system of curtains and walls. It is also interchangeable with the character for stingy. Strategies of the Warring States (Zhanguoce) records: Qiangfu is empty. Note: Qiang refers to a minor official. Kong is his name. Collection of Rhymes (Jiyun) records that it is sometimes written in a variant form.