Mao Collection, Upper Volume Radical: Heart (xīn) 懦 Kangxi Strokes: 18 Page 407, Entry 06 Tang Dynasty Rhyme Dictionary (Tangyun): Pronounced ru. Collected Rhymes (Jiyun) and Rhyme Collection (Yunhui): Pronounced ru. Explanation of Graphs (Shuowen): Composed of the radical Heart and the phonetic element xu. Refers to one who is cowardly or weak. Xunzi (Xunzi), Chapter on Self-Cultivation (Xiushen pian): To be slothful and cowardly, avoiding responsibility. History of the Former Han (Qianhan), Biography of Er Kuan: Good at writing, but cowardly in martial matters. Additionally, per Collected Rhymes (Jiyun): Pronounced ruan. Additionally, per Collected Rhymes (Jiyun) and Orthography of Rhymes (Zhengyun): Pronounced nuan. Equivalent to the variant form nuo. Same meaning. Additionally, per Collected Rhymes (Jiyun): Pronounced nuo. Mencius (Mengzi): A coward can have firm resolve.