Si Collection, Lower Volume Radical: Dog (quǎn) Page 707, Entry 23 Pronounced niu (rising tone) Explaining Characters and Phrases (Shuowen): refers to the arrogant nature of a dog. Jade Chapter (Yupian): refers to intimacy, habit, approaching, or repetition. Approaching/Explaining Words (Erya): Niu means to repeat. Commentary: Niu-tai means to do something repeatedly. Sub-commentary: Niu-tai means repeating past actions. Odes of Zheng (Zhengfeng): Do not be habitually indulgent, Uncle. Mao Commentary: Niu means habit. Zuo Tradition (Zuozhuan), Thirteenth Year of Duke Huan: The Mo-ao was negligent because of the battle at Pusao. Du Commentary: Niu means being accustomed to. Niu-tai means to become practiced or habituated. Classic of History (Shangshu), Prince Chen: Habitually committing crimes. Commentary: Means habit. Little Erya: Niu means habit. Discourses of Jin (Jinyu): Niu, the司马 (sima, military official) of the center army. Commentary: Niu means to correct. Jade Chapter (Yupian): Refers to the tracks of foxes or other wild beasts. Approaching/Explaining Animals (Erya): The quexie has many niu. Commentary: Commentators believe this means many toes, though the details are unclear. Sub-commentary: Old interpretations say the quexie is a beast with many niu. Niu refers to toes, but its specific form is not known in detail. Used as a personal name. Zuo Tradition (Zuozhuan), Fifth Year of Duke Ding: Reported to Gongshan Buniu. Commentary: Buniu was a retainer of the Ji family. Collection of Rhymes (Yunhui): Interchangeable with the character niu. See the entry for the character niu for details. Pronounced rou (falling tone) Broad Rhymes (Guangyun): Means habit, or approaching. Also refers to a fox. Collection of Rhymes (Jiyun): Pronounced nu. Name of a beast. Also rhyming with gu. Book of Odes (Shijing), Odes of Zheng (Zhengfeng): Do not be habitually indulgent, Uncle, I warn you against being harmed. Textual research: Approaching/Explaining Words (Erya): Niu means to repeat. Commentary: Niu-fu means to repeat. Sub-commentary: Niu-fu means repeating the former affair. Zuo Tradition (Zuozhuan), Thirteenth Year of Duke Huan: The Mo-ao was repeated at the battle of Pusao. Du Commentary: Niu means to be hidden/repeated. Niu-fu means the meaning of being practiced; corrected according to original text. Little Erya: Niu means to be habituated; corrected according to original text.