Xu Collection, Upper Volume Radical: Metal (jīn) Liu Kangxi strokes: 19 Page 1319, Entry 20 Tang Rhymes (Tang yun) and Collected Rhymes (Jiyun): pronounced liu. Explanation of Graphs (Shuowen): The eyebrows of a crossbow. Also according to Explanation of Graphs (Shuowen), it refers to the finest quality gold. Broad Rhymes (Guangyun): Refers to purple-polished gold (zimojin). Approaching Elegance (Erya): Records of Implements (Shiqi): Gold is called dang, and its finest form is called liu. Commentary: Liu is purple-polished gold. Book of Odes (Shijing): Minor Odes (Xiaoya): The scabbard has a precious jade ornament. Notes (Jian): The senior official has a metal-ornamented scabbard and a liu-gold jade ornament. Explication of Texts (Shiwen): Liu is pronounced liu. Also pronounced liu (rising tone), and also pronounced qiu. Refers to the finest quality gold. Also used as a personal name. History of the Five Dynasties (Wudaishi): Qian Liu, King of Wuyue. Also used interchangeably with qiu. Book of Documents (Shujing): Tribute of Yu (Yugong): Their tribute includes qiu-iron, silver, engraving tools, arrowheads, and chime stones. Commentary: Qiu is purple-polished gold. Also according to Broad Rhymes (Guangyun), Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), Collection of Rhymes (Yunhui), and Orthodox Rhymes (Zhengyun): pronounced liu. Also according to Collected Rhymes (Jiyun): pronounced qiu. Also pronounced liu (falling-rising tone). The meaning is the same. Also according to Collected Rhymes (Jiyun): pronounced liao, meaning white gold (silver). Textual verification: Book of Odes (Shijing), Minor Odes (Xiaoya): The scabbard has a precious jade ornament. Following the original text, the character for scabbard has been corrected.