Wu Collection, Middle Volume. Radical: Eye (mù). Kangxi stroke count: 15. Page 814, Entry 03. According to the Broad Rhymes (Guangyun), pronounced ku. According to the Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), pronounced kou. The term kouwu refers to a narrow-minded, obtuse, or unclear state of mind. It is also interchangeably written as kou. In the Xunzi (Xunzi), specifically the chapter on the Efficacy of Confucianism (Ruxiao pian), it is written: foolish, ignorant, and koumao. The commentary states that koumao means to be without knowledge. Popular editions erroneously write this as gou. In the History of the Former Han (Qianhan shu), specifically the Treatise on the Five Elements (Wuxing zhi), it states: lack of reverence leads to kou and meng. Furthermore, according to the Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), it is interchangeable with kou. In the Songs of Chu (Chucheng), specifically the chapter Nine Arguments (Jiubian), it is written: upright and koumao, suffering by oneself. The commentary describes this as a foolish appearance. It has two pronunciations; koumao and koumao share the same meaning. The Explanation of Texts (Shiwen) writes it as kou. Refer to the note under the character mao for further details. Additionally, according to the Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), it is sometimes written as gou. Koumao may also be written with the person radical as gou. According to the Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), pronounced gou. The meaning is the same. According to the Jade Chapters (Yupian), pronounced ji. The Sea of Characters (Pianhai) defines it as staring for a long time. The Supplement to the Dictionary (Zihui bu) notes it is erroneously written as kou. The note says: mao means without leisure. It is interchangeably written as kou, which is incorrect.