Mao Collection, Middle Volume Radical: Hand (shǒu) Kangxi Strokes: 16 Page 455, Entry 03 Pronounced jiao (falling-rising tone) According to the Explaining and Analyzing Characters (Shuowen Jiezi), it means to raise the hand. One definition says it means to act in an arbitrary or coercive manner. It is interchangeable with the character meaning to rectify or straighten. Book of Rites (Zhouli), Autumn Offices (Qiuguan), Master of Law (Shishi): In charge of the eight classifications of the officials, the fifth is to falsely represent the orders of the state. Commentary: To claim deceitfully in order to accomplish something. Sub-commentary: To jiao is to be deceitful. History of the Former Han (Qianhan Shu), Annals of Emperor Wu: Falsely claiming authority, officials used their power to infringe upon the common people. Commentary: Jiao means to entrust or pretend; qian means obstinate. It refers to those who falsely claim the mandate of the superior and stubbornly persist in evil acts. Also, in the Biography of the Five Princes of the Gao Lineage: To fabricate imperial edicts to command the world. Commentary: To entrust the mandate to the emperor's decree. Also, in the Cangjie Chapter: To straighten. Book of Rites (Zhouli), Winter Offices, Artificers Record (Kaogongji), Bowmakers: When straightening the bow staves, one desires them to be well-ripened over the fire without surplus; when straightening the horn, one desires it to be well-ripened over the fire without scorching. History of the Former Han (Qianhan Shu), Table of Feudal Lords: To straighten what is crooked so as to exceed its proper measure. Commentary: To straighten what is crooked is called jiao. Also, the appearance of being strong or stubborn. Xunzi, Chapter on the Way of the Subject: Upright, unyielding, and standing firm, without a mind that leans to one side. Pronounced qiao (rising tone). Same meaning: to raise the hand. Pronounced jiao (level tone). Same meaning. According to the Guangya: To take. One definition says it means to select. Pronounced jiao (falling tone). Jiao-shao means to seize or snatch. See the entry for shao for cross-references. Pronounced qiao (rising tone). Tian-jiao describes the appearance of stretching. Erya, Explaining Beasts: For humans, this is called jiao. Commentary: Stretching and extending the hands and feet. Pronounced qiao (falling-rising tone). To raise. Pronounced qiao (falling tone). Same meaning. Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), Biography of Bian Que: The tongue was raised and would not descend. Pronounced kao (rising tone). To bend something using fire. Regarding the straightening of the bow staves in the Artificers Record, this is the explanation provided by Liu Changzong. Pronounced jiao (falling-rising tone). To bend or to curve; to flex. Explication of the Artificers Record: Shen reads it as gu-liao (falling-rising tone). Xunzi, Chapter on the Way of the Subject: Leading the groups of officials and various functionaries to collectively urge and correct their ruler. Textual research: History of the Former Han, Annals of Emperor Wu: Where it says what the common people rely on, the paths are different and they are jiao-qian. Note: The two characters jiao-qian belong to the following sentence and do not modify the preceding one. They have been corrected to read falsely claiming authority, officials used their power to infringe upon the common people.