You Collection, Lower Volume Radical: City (yì) Guō Kangxi Dictionary Stroke Count: 15 Page 1273, Entry 13 Historical Records: Pronounced gǔ bó qiè in "Tang Yun" and "Zheng Yun", and guāng huò qiè in "Ji Yun" and "Yun Hui", with the same pronunciation as "guǒ". "Guang Yun" explains it as the outer wall of a city, outside the inner city. "Shi Ming" states: Guō means "kuò", referring to the expanded part outside the city. "Bai Hu Tong" mentions: The purpose of establishing city walls (guō) was to demonstrate strong defenses. "Zheng Yun" also records it as the name of a vassal state. "Spring and Autumn Annals - Duke Zhuang, Year 24" records: "Chì returned to Cao Guōgōng." "Commentary of Gongyang" explains: What does "Chì" refer to? It is likely Guōgōng. It is also a surname. "Yu Pian" records: It is a descendant of King Ji of Zhou, and some say a descendant of Guó Shū. "Zheng Zi Tong" explains: The surname Guō is sometimes pronounced "Guó" because Ji, the brother of King Wen of Zhou, was enfeoffed in the territory of Guó and was sometimes called Guōgōng, thus taking this as his surname. "Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals" records: Attacking the state of Guó, the state of Yú would come to its rescue. "Commentary of Gongyang" writes it as "Guō", while "Zuo Zhuan", "Guliang Zhuan", and "Mencius" write it as "Guó", due to the similarity of sounds in different transcriptions. Also, pronounced kǔ guō qiè in "Wu Yin Ji Yun", the same as the character "kuò". Verification: "Spring and Autumn Annals - Duke Zhuang, Year 24" records: "Chì returned to Cao Guōgōng." "Commentary of Guliang" explains: What does "Chì" refer to? It is likely Guōgōng. Note: The phrase "Chì zhě hé" originates from "Commentary of Gongyang". "Commentary of Guliang" mistakenly quotes it here as content from "Commentary of Gongyang".