Zi Collection, Middle Volume Radical: Person (rén) 傅 Kangxi Stroke Count: 12 Page 112, Entry 19 Pronounced fù. A title for officials. In ancient times, the Emperor had a Grand Tutor (Taishi), a Grand Instructor (Tafu), and a Grand Guardian (Taibao), collectively known as the Three Excellencies. The term instructor (fù) means to assist the sovereign in cultivating virtue and righteousness. Book of Odes (Shijing), Greater Odes: The King ordered the instructor and the royal chamberlain to mobilize his retainers. Commentary: The instructor and chamberlain are those who assist the monarch in managing state affairs, referring specifically to the prime minister (zhongzai). Book of Rites (Liji), Hereditary Sons of King Wen: Establish a Grand Instructor and a Junior Instructor to educate and nurture the heir apparent. Also written as a variant form of the character meaning to entrust or deliver (fù). Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), Basic Annals of Xia: Mobilize manpower to distribute and manage the land. Annotation: The Suoyin commentary states that to instruct (fù) is to entrust (fù), referring to the allocation of projects and the arrangement of forced labor. Also a surname. Pronounced fū. A variant of the character meaning to spread or state (fū). It means to arrange or present a statement. Book of Han (Hanshu), Annals of Emperor Wen: Extensively state and adopt suggestions. Annotation: Shigu states that this character is read as spread (fū), meaning to lay out one's words and then put them into practice. Pronounced fù. Means to be close to or approach. Rites of Zhou (Zhouli), Winter Offices, Records of Artificers: Weapons used for stabbing must also be solid; the grip must be very thick, for if it is thick, it can be close to the user, and if it is close to the user, it can be handled with precision. Annotation: Close (fù) means to be near. Precision (mì) means careful and thorough. Also means to reach. Book of Odes (Shijing), Greater Odes: The phoenixes fly, the sound of their flapping wings reaching even to the heavens. Annotation: To reach (fù) is the same as to arrive. Also means to attach or adhere to. Zuo Tradition (Zuozhuan), Sixth Year of Duke Xiang: Circling the city wall, closely adhering to the parapets. Zuo Tradition (Zuozhuan), Fourteenth Year of Duke Xi: If the hide does not exist, to what will the hair adhere? Also refers to a written contract or voucher (fùbié). Rites of Zhou (Zhouli), Heavenly Offices: There are eight types of regulations for governing the state; the fourth is the adjudication of lawsuits, which handles loan disputes based on written contracts. Annotation: Loan (chéngzé) refers to borrowing or lending; written contract (fùbié) refers to a bond or deed. Adjudicating loan disputes involves judging based on the bond, where terms are written on a document, split into two, with both the lender and borrower holding one copy. Also refers to registering a name in household records to perform labor service for the state. Book of Han (Hanshu), Annals of Emperor Gao: Xiao He mobilized the elderly, the weak, and those not yet registered for labor service in the Guanzhong region, sending them all to the army. Annotation: Fuqian says the pronunciation is fù; Shigu says that to register (fù) means to attach. It refers to entering one's name into a register to perform state labor. Those under twenty-three are considered weak, and those over fifty-six are considered old. Also a variant of the character meaning to adhere or attach (fù). To twist meanings to suit one's purpose or to form cliques for selfish ends is called contriving (fùhuì). Also the name of a plant. Erya, Explanation of Plants: The plant, also known as cross-eye grass, is a creeping plant. Pronounced fèi. Ban Gu, Rhapsody on the Western Capital (Xidu Fu): Respectfully consulting the elderly, retired ministers, famous Confucian scholars, and instructors to discuss the Six Classics and examine their similarities and differences. Shuowen Jiezi: Means to assist. The character structure is derived from the radical for person (rén) and the phonetic component (fū).