Chen Collection, Upper Volume Radical: Say (yuē) Kangxi Strokes: 10 Page 502, Entry 13 Pronounced cáo. Shuowen Jiezi states: The two sides of a prison. Located in the east of the courtyard, derived from the character for prison. Those who manage affairs are derived from the character for say. Note: Xu Kai states: Because cases are managed through speech and testimony, it is derived from the character for say. Commentary on the Annals of Emperor Cheng of the Former Han (Qianhan Shu): There were four officials of the Secretariat serving as four administrative departments; Emperor Cheng increased this to five, including the Department of the Three Excellencies, which handled legal cases. Records of Officials in the Later Han (Houhan Shu): Emperor Guangwu divided duties into six administrative departments. Also, Book of Odes (Shijing), Greater Odes: Then they established their groups. Commentary: Cao means groups. Zhu Xi Commentary: The place where herds were gathered. Also, Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), Treatise on the Balance of Standards: Dividing into groups to inspect the commanderies and kingdoms. Commentary: Cao means categories or peers. Also, Songs of Chu (Chuci), Summoning the Soul: Dividing into pairs and advancing together. Commentary: Cao means pairs. Also, a state name. Book of Odes, Odes of Cao: King Wu of Zhou enfeoffed his younger brother, Shu Zhenduo, in Cao; this is the present-day Dingtao in Jiyin. Also, a surname. Rapid Compilation of Surnames (Xingshi Jijiu Pian): King Wu of Zhou enfeoffed Cao Shu Zhenduo, who later took the state name as his surname. Also, rhyme-supplemented pronunciation: cuó. Songs of Chu (Chuci), Summoning the Recluse: The beasts are terrified and have lost their companions, O Prince, return, for one cannot stay long in the mountains. Also, rhyme-supplemented pronunciation: hé. Su Zhe, Poem on Yan Yan: If you chop off my head, death is the end, do not be angry; how could I fear death like you children? Even a common man accepts execution without flinching, what I value is the heroic spirit that swallows the Yellow River. Classic Characters (Wujing Wenzi): In the classics, the form has been passed down; the clerical script simplifies it to the current form. The Stone Classics use the variant form. Textual Research: In the Shuowen Jiezi, the text reads: The two sides of a prison. Located in the east of the courtyard, derived from the character for prison, those who manage affairs... Following the original text, the two characters for derived from say have been added after those who manage affairs.