Shen Collection, Upper Volume Radical: Grass (cǎo) Biao; Kangxi strokes: 21; Page 1066, Entry 03 According to the Tang Dynasty Rhyme Dictionary (Tangyun), pronounced biao (level tone), with the same sound as piao. The Explanation of Graphs and Analysis of Characters (Shuowen Jiezi) defines it as a type of grass, specifically the deer bean (luhuo). Additionally, the Jade Chapters (Yupian) records it as a type of reed plant that can be woven into mats. The Revised Rhymes (Zengyun) states that it can be used to make straw sandals. The Book of Etiquette and Ceremonial, Commentary on Mourning Dress (Yili Sangfu Zhuan Shu) mentions that straw sandals are simple shoes woven from coarse grasses such as biao and kuai. The Southern Capital Rhapsody (Nan du fu) by Zhang Heng describes the grasses there as including biao, zhu, fan, and guan. Furthermore, according to the Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), pronounced biao (level tone), with the same sound as biao. The Progress toward Rectitude (Erya), Interpretation of Grasses, records it as biao-piao. The commentary states this refers to a berry. People in the Jiangdong region call it the biao berry. The Progress toward Rectitude (Erya), Interpretation of Trees, records jian, which is a mountain berry. The commentary says this refers to the current wood berry, whose fruit resembles the biao berry but is larger. Also, according to the Rhyme Treasury (Yunhui), pronounced biao (level tone), with the same sound as biao. Biao-biao is an alternative name for the trumpet creeper (tiao). Liu Zongyuan wrote in his poetry: Why should I only fear mountain spirits and ghosts, when I am even more afraid of smelling the odor of herbs like xun and biao? The commentary notes that the Book of Rites (Liji) mentions the scent of xun-hao (a type of mugwort) is mournful. Biao and hao are of the same category. Editorial Note: The original text in the Progress toward Rectitude (Erya), Interpretation of Grasses, citing biao-biao is incorrect; it has been corrected here to read biao-piao according to the original text.