Mao Collection, Upper Volume Radical: Heart (xīn) Kangxi strokes: 14 Page 396, Entry 47 Ancient forms are written as either the variant form (shèn) or another variant form (shèn). According to Tang Rhyme (Tangyun), Collection of Rhymes (Jiyun), and Correct Rhymes (Zhengyun), it is pronounced shèn (departing tone), with a sound similar to the character for clam. Shuowen Jiezi defines it as: Cautious. Book of Documents (Shangshu), Chapter Yiji: "Be cautious in your position." The Correct Meaning (Zhengyi) commentary explains: One should treat one's position with caution. It also carries the meaning of "sincerity." Book of Odes (Shijing), Lesser Odes (Xiaoya): "Be sincere in your words." Also: "Be sincere in your leisure." The commentaries of Zheng Xuan both state that "cautious" here means sincere. Additionally, Erya: Explaining Ancient Words (Erya Shigu) defines it as: Quiet. The Commentary (Shu) explains: Cautious means being cautious and quiet. It is also defined in Erya: Explaining Ancient Words as: To think. The Commentary explains: The Regional Speech (Fangyan) states: In the Qin and Jin regions, it is called "cautious." Everything that involves the appearance of thinking can be called "cautious." It is also used as a word of warning. Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), Biography of Liu Pi, Prince of Wu: Records that the Emperor said to Liu Pi: "Caution, do not rebel!" (Meaning: By all means, do not rebel!) There is also "Si Shen," which is the name of a celestial deity. Zuo Tradition (Zuo Zhuan), Year 11 of Duke Xiang: Records: "Si Shen and Si Meng." The commentary explains: These two "Si" titles are both names of celestial deities. It is also a surname, such as the Han state official Shen Dao. There is also Gongshen, a double-surname. Furthermore, Collection of Rhymes (Jiyun) records it is pronounced zhèn. History of the Former Han (Qian Hanshu), Treatise on Geography, records the county of Shenyang in Runan Commandery. Ru Chun annotates: Pronounced zhèn. Kan Yin states: It was originally written with the character (diān). In the fifth year of the Yongping era, the official seal was lost and remade, at which point the water radical of the original character was changed to a heart radical, resulting in the character (shèn). Additionally, Collection of Rhymes (Jiyun) records it is pronounced chén. Rites of Zhou (Zhouli), Summer Offices, Grand Marshal commentary states: A wild beast at five years of age is called "cautious." Essence of the Six Scripts (Liushu Jingyun) states: Within the human heart, there are false components; one decorates them in the light of day and indulges them in the darkness. Only "cautious" represents the true heart. Xu Kai says: The true heart is "cautious," meaning not being rash or reckless.