Zi Collection, Middle Volume Radical: Person (rén) 僧 Kangxi Strokes: 14 Page 117, Entry 14 Pronounced zeng (flat tone). A sramana (monk). In Sanskrit, it is called samgha. Those who follow the teachings of Buddha are sometimes called superior men (shangren). Samghasaya is the combined Sanskrit pronunciation; common usage takes the first syllable, calling them seng (monk). History of Wei (Weishu), Treatise on Buddhism and Taoism (Shilaozhi): When they begin to cultivate the mind, they rely on the Buddhist dharma. The three refuges of a monk are like the three fears of a gentleman. Furthermore, Records of the Chan School (Chanzongji) notes: Chan monks wear brown robes, lecturing monks wear red robes, and yoga monks wear onion-white robes. Yoga monks are those who today perform services for the laity. In the Kingdom of Chenla (Zhenla), monks are called zhugu. Monks there all consume fish and meat, though they do not drink alcohol; they use fish and meat when making offerings to Buddha. Monks use gold and silver palanquins and carry umbrella handles. When the king has important government matters, he also consults them. Additionally, Materia Medica of the Tang (Tangbencao): Miduo (litharge), which monks also call moduose (litharge), comes from the Persian Kingdom. It is shaped like yellow dragon teeth but is hard and heavy.