Mao Collection, Middle Volume. Radical: Hand (shǒu). Kangxi strokes: 18. Page 460, Entry 13. Pronounced ru (rising tone). According to the Tang Rhyme (Tangyun) and Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), the pronunciation is identical to ru (rising tone). The Explanation of Script and Explanation of Characters (Shuowen Jiezi) defines it as to dye. In the History of the Tang Dynasty (Tangshu), Treatise on Literature and Arts (Yiwen Zhi), it appears in the usage of to grasp the truth. Also, according to the Tang Rhyme (Tangyun) and Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), it is pronounced rui (rising tone), with the same meaning. It also carries the meaning of to dip or to moisten. In the Rites of Zhou (Zhouli), Spring Office (Chunguan), Great Invocation (Dazhu), there is a record of distinguishing nine methods of sacrifice, the sixth of which is called sacrificial dipping. The commentary states that the character is pronounced like the rui in Yurei. It refers to dipping salted liver and lungs into salt and meat sauce for the purpose of sacrifice. In the Book of Etiquette and Ceremonial (Yili), Rites for Officials Offering Food (Gongshi Dafu Li), it is recorded: The guest ascends to his seat, takes the pickled leeks, dips them sequentially into the meat sauce, and performs a sacrificial rite between the food vessels. This character is sometimes written in variant forms. Also, according to the Collected Rhymes (Jiyun) and Correct Rhymes (Zhengyun), it is pronounced ruan (level tone). It has the same meaning. It also carries the meaning of to rub or to knead. It is identical to the character nuan. Also, according to the Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), it is pronounced lie. It has the same meaning. It is also written in variant forms. Also, according to the Tang Rhyme (Tangyun) and Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), it is pronounced ru (falling tone). It carries the meaning of to hand something to someone. Also, according to the Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), it is pronounced zhu. It carries the meaning of to support. Also, according to the Tang Rhyme (Tangyun) and Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), it is pronounced nou. The term gou-nou means to be muddled or lacking in understanding.