Chen Collection, Lower Volume Radical: Lacking (qiàn) Kangxi Strokes: 12 Page 568, Entry 14 Pronounced qi. Shuowen Jiezi (Explanation of Simple and Compound Characters): To defraud or deceive. New Book (Xinshu), Dao Shu Chapter: To cultivate benevolence and righteousness is known as trust; to act contrary to trust is to deceive. Analects (Lunyu): Whom would I deceive? Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), Biography of Upright Officials: When Zichan governed Zheng, the people could not deceive him. When Zijian governed Shanfu, the people could not bear to deceive him. When Ximen Bao governed Bing, the people dared not deceive him. Also, to obscure one's own heart is called deceit. Great Learning (Daxue): Do not deceive yourself. Su Xun stated: When writing exceeds the truth of one's words, and words exceed the truth of one's heart, the sage considers this self-deception. Lv Zuqian, discussing Duke Zhuang of Zheng killing Shu Duan, said: One who intends to deceive others must first deceive his own heart. Also, to deceive. Yang Xiong, Dialects (Fangyan): In the regions of Jin, Wei, and north of the Yellow River, it is called can; in Chu, it is called tan; in the regions between the Yangtze and Xiang rivers of Southern Chu, it is called qi. Guo Xiang note: It means that deceit is difficult to satisfy. Nowadays, people in Guanxi call a beating qi, pronounced lin, or a variation of the sound luo-gan. Also, defamatory deceit, a designation in Han law. The Han dynasty had laws against slander and defamatory deceit, which were only abolished during the reign of Emperor Ai. Also, to insult or bully. Li Yi, Su Hu Xiao Lu: To be insulted by others is called qifu (to bully). Also qi, meaning a large head. Wang Yanshou, Rhapsody on the Lingguang Palace in Lu: Standing tall and qi with a carved appearance. Note: Qi means a large head. Carved refers to a sharp, raptor-like gaze. It is synonymous with xuan. Ji Yun (Rhyme Compilation): Sometimes written in a variant form (qī).