Xu Collection, Upper Volume Radical: Metal (jīn) Qiang Kangxi Strokes: 19 Page 1319, Entry 33 Broad Rhymes (Guangyun): Pronounced qiang. Collected Rhymes (Jiyun) and Correct Rhymes (Zhengyun): Pronounced qiang. The pronunciation is the same as qiang. Jade Chapters (Yupian): Defined as qiangqiang, describing a sound. Broad Rhymes (Guangyun): Defined as kengqiang. Collected Rhymes (Jiyun): Defined as the sound of jade stones striking each other. Another view is the sound emitted by musical instruments. Book of Odes (Shijing), Great Odes (Daya): Records, "Eight bells ringing qiangqiang." Annotations (Jianzhu): Explain, "Qiangqiang refers to the sound of ringing." Zuo Commentary (Zuo Zhuan), Year 22 of Duke Zhuang: Records, "The phoenixes fly, their harmonious calls are qiangqiang." Book of Rites (Liji), Jade Ornaments (Yuzao): Records, "Then the jade sounds out qiang." Annotations (Zhuoshi): Explain, "Qiang refers to a sound." Additionally, Book of the Later Han (Hou Hanshu), Biography of Zhang Heng: Records, "Ascending the high pavilion, it is qiangqiang." Annotations (Zhuoshi): Explain, "Qiangqiang describes a tall and lofty appearance." It is also used interchangeably with qiang (qiàng). Book of Rites (Liji), Summary of Propriety (Quli): Records, "The scholar is qiangqiang." Annotations (Zhuoshi): Explain, "Qiang, versions also write it as cang. Or written as qiang." Commentary and Exegesis (Shujie): Explains, "Refers to a dignified and spirited appearance." Additionally, Collected Rhymes (Jiyun): Pronounced cheng. The meaning is the same.