Wu Collection, Lower Volume Radical: Stone (shí) Qiao Kangxi strokes: 17 Page 837, Entry 01 Pronounced qiao. Same as qiao. Refers to stony ground. According to the Analytical Dictionary of Characters (Shuowen), it refers to stones. According to the Jade Chapter (Yupian), it refers to hardness. Mencius (Mengzi) says: "Thus, the land has fertile and barren fields, nourished by rain and dew." History of the Former Han (Qianhan Shu), Annals of Emperor Jing: "Some commanderies and kingdoms have land that is barren and narrow, with no place to engage in farming and sericulture." Commentary states: Qiao refers to land that is hard and barren. Also, according to the Collected Rhymes (Jiyun), pronounced qiao. Same as the previous term. Refers to fields on mountains. Also, pronounced jiao. The meaning is the same.