Zi Collection, Page Position: Upper Radical: Second (yǐ) Kangxi Stroke Count: 13 Page 84, Entry 33 Pronounced lang (falling tone) according to Tang Yun, lu (falling tone) according to Jiyun, Yunhui, and Zhengyun, with a pronunciation similar to "luan" (falling tone). Meaning: disorder, chaos. Also means "to govern" according to Er Ya, "Shigu". The character's structure is derived from "乙" (yǐ), which signifies governance. In Piàn, it is explained as "to organize." Example: "With governance and reverence" — Shang Shu, Gao Yao Mo. Kong's commentary explains this as having the ability to govern and being reverent and cautious. Other examples of "luan" meaning "to govern" include passages in Shang Shu: "governing our state," "his governance for the people," "the four directions are guided and governed, governing as the four pillars," and "you then govern." It also means "lack of order," referring to anything disorganized or without structure. "Dreamy, confused, is disorder" — Er Ya, Shixun. "Establish order before disorder arises" — Shang Shu, Zhou Guan. "The official in charge of market prohibitions, prohibiting their fighting, clamor, and disorder" — Zhou Li, Diguan. Also refers to military rebellion or banditry. Also refers to a time when matters are unsettled. "The husband and wife are in disarray" — Li Ji, Tan Gong. Note: This refers to the mourning rites where the positions of men and women weeping have not yet been properly arranged. Also refers to the final movement of a musical piece, called "luan." "The 'luan' of Guan Ju" — Lun Yu. Also, the end of ancient prose compositions often contained a "luan" section that summarized the entire piece and highlighted its main points. "The flow of water is cut off, called luan" — Er Ya, Shishui. Note: This refers to crossing a river. "Governing at the river" — Shang Shu, Yu Gong. "Crossing the Wei River in disarray" — Shi Jing, Daya. Also, rhymes with li juan (falling tone), pronounced similarly to "lian." "Duke Zhou assumed the sacrificial meat, the white pheasant offered itself. King Zhao lingered, the Zhou dynasty fell into chaos" — Yang Xiong, Jiao Zhou Mu Zhen. Also rhymes with li jing (falling tone), pronounced similarly to "ling" (falling tone). "Not in harmony, not in accord, forgetting propriety and speaking disorder. Hating the end and cherishing the beginning, this is truly their nature" — Yang Xi, Li Zhengfang Zan. Textual Verification: "The official in charge of prohibitions and regulations" — Zhou Li, Qiuguan. Note: The original text has changed "Qiuguan" to "Diguan" and "xianbu" to "xianshi."