Mao Collection, Upper Volume Radical: Heart (xīn) Strokes: 15 Page 401, Entry 30 Pronounced chuang. In the Shuowen Jiezi (Shuowen), it means stupid or dull-witted. Formed from the heart radical with chong as the phonetic element. Rites of Zhou (Zhouli), Autumn Office, Minister of Justice: The three pardons include those who are stupid (chuang) and dull. Commentary: This refers to individuals born with intellectual disabilities who cannot distinguish right from wrong or reason. Pronounced chong. According to the Guangyun, Jiyun, Yunhui, and Zhengyun, it refers to being muddled or dim-witted. It is sometimes written in a variant form (chong). Book of Rites (Liji), Questions of Duke Ai: I am dull, stupid, dim-witted, and stubborn. Commentary: Chuang refers to being obscured by one’s own temperament. Pronounced chong. The meaning is the same. Pronounced zhuang. Equivalent to the character zhuang (foolish). It is also simplified as the character gan. Pronounced zhuang. Equivalent to the character zhuang (foolish). It is also simplified as the character gan. Pronounced chuang. The meaning is the same.