You Collection, Upper Volume Radical: Speech (yán) Kangxi Strokes: 23 Page 1186, Entry 08 Tang Rhymes (Tangyun), Collection Rhymes (Jiyun), Rhyme Compendium (Yunhui), Correct Rhymes (Zhengyun): Pronounced chan (rising tone). Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters (Shuowen): To flatter. Jade Compendium (Yupian): To be fawning. Book of Rites (Liji), Minor Rituals (Shaoyi): For those who are subjects and subordinates, offer praise but do not flatter. History of the Former Han (Qian Hanshu), Record of the Five Elements (Wuxingzhi): Do not know who was the architect of the fawning and flattering schemes. Also, Biography of Liu Fu (Liu Fu Zhuan): There are no fawning or flattering scholars in the imperial court. Commentary by Shigu: Chan is the ancient form of the character for flattery. Also, Collection Rhymes (Jiyun): Pronounced yan. Excessively respectful. Book of Rites (Liji), Jade Pattern (Yuzao): In the appearance of one standing, there should be no flattery. Commentary by Zheng: This refers to inclining the body to lower oneself. Also, Collection Rhymes (Jiyun): Pronounced chan. Categorized Compendium (Leipian): Talking in one's sleep. Textual research: Book of Rites (Liji), Minor Rituals (Shaoyi): For those who are subjects and subordinates, there is praise but no flattery. Adjusted according to the original text which includes the character for there is before praise.